1. Including The Arab Spring
Other Africa
Including The Arab Spring

2. Colonial Africa
Great Britain gradually surrendered independence in Ghana, Kenya, and others
France created an organization of their colonies called The French Community that allowed some autonomy for native peoples
Belgium held the Congo for a long time and then suddenly withdrew
Portugal held Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique until violent independence movements ran them out

3. French North Africa Independence movements in Morocco and Tunisia
More French settlers in Algeria and turmoil in the more important colony
Formation of the National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1954
French reprisals over Muslims in Algeria
New Prime Minister in France tried to give some self- governance to the nationalists but ended up surrendering independence in 1962

4. Civil Wars
Many colonies in Africa were divided by factions and some factions were divided by artificial boundaries
Newly independent countries had trouble forming new governments, services, and institutions when the imperialists left
Struggles still continue today in places like Libya, CAR, Zimbabwe, and Somalia

5. Deadly Fighting
Nigeria is a strong, large, capitalist democracy but has a militant jihadist group that terrorizes its north called Boko Haram
Genocide in Rwanda has seen brutal fighting between two classes of people called Hutu and Tutsi
A power struggle is taking place between the two political parties in the new country of South Sudan

6. PASSPORT NIGERIA Who: Boko Haram
What: failed state, terrorism, investment
When: 1960, current
Why: emerging economies
RWANDA
Who: Hutu, Tutsi, Belgians
What: imperialism, class
When: 1962, 1990, 1994
Why: exploitation, race

7. The Arab Spring
Protest movements spread across northern Africa and the Middle East demanding openness from their governments and opportunities for them to go to school and work
Although there were similarities in how the protests used social media to organize and in what the protesters were asking for, each uprising took on different characteristics and led to different results

8. South Africa
White European settlers had moved to and created businesses in South Africa centuries before.
When the Afrikaners took control of the government in 1948 they instituted Apartheid.
Whites, blacks, mixed race, and Indian were separated into classes with various restrictions for all non-white

9. Apartheid Laws Racial identity cards Travel restrictions Homelands
Education differences
Work divisions
Language
Voting rights

10. Anti-Apartheid Movement
ANC worked to promote peaceful change
Harsh treatment from the government turned the movement violent
Nelson Mandela used his popularity to lead the movement often from inside prison
International pressure helped move SA toward free, fair, and open elections
Mandela and the ANC won control of the government

11. South Africa Passport Who = Afrikaners, Africans, ANC, Mandela
What = Apartheid and the movement to end it
When = 1909, 1948, 1994
Why = whites wanted to control gold mines. Blacks wanted freedom, world wanted justice