1. Chapter 3 Notes Great review of EPA regulations history (10 min) 2013
Education Portal on Regulations

2. Review
Chapter 1:
Citizens are searching for a solution to the problems of sustainability and satisfying the “Triple Bottom Line” (Social, Ecological, Economic)
Chapter 2:
Decisions are based on a Cost/Benefit Analysis
The values that impact decisions are as varied as the worldviews.
The Economic Market Value (Buyer and Seller Transaction) has the most impact in decision making in our society.

3. A case for regulation
Sustainable solutions can only be achieved if we move from a neoclassical economic model to an Environmental or Ecologic economic model. Move from using a growth-based GDP to an inclusive GPI economic measurement system
To create Sustainable solutions we must find a way to include long term external costs and benefit in the market relationship between buyers and sellers.
Regulations are required if we are to achieve sustainability.

5. History of Environmental Policy First Wave
Encourages Growth, Expansion, Extraction of mineral and resource wealth, population growth, destruction of habitat. Nature is an obstacle to be overcome. Nature is to be used without regard for sustainability.
General Land Ordinances of 1785 and 1787
Homestead Act of 1862
Mineral Lands Act of 1866
General Mining Law of 1872
Timber Culture Act

6. Second Wave A response to the first wave
Promotes conservation of resources and preserves habitats. Protects forests, watersheds, etc.
National Parks established (Antiquities Act)
National Forests (National Forest Act)
Wildlife Preserves (Fish and Wildlife Act)
Soil Conservation Act
Wilderness Act of 1964

7. Third Wave
A response to the development and production of chemical pollutants in the air, water, and soil in the 30’s, 40’s, and 50’s and the toxic effects of chemicals on the environment, wildlife and Humans.
Rachel Carson “Silent Spring”
Burning of the Cuyahoga River
Oil Spills in Santa Barbara, California
Smog and Poor Air Quality in Cities
Acid Rain
Ozone Layer Depletion
NEPA
Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
Toxic Substances Control Act

8. Fourth Wave?
A response to the awareness of the limited resources in the world
Peak Oil – that we may run out of oil
Overpopulation
Inadequate Food Production
Sustainability Efforts
Climate Change

9. NEPA: The Greatest Regulatory Change (National Environmental Policy Act, 1970)
Required an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) before any federal project can proceed.
Requires public notification
Must respond to public concerns
Established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Consolidated all environmental agencies under one agency to give it more coordination and greater impact.
Allowed public citizens/organizations to bring lawsuits against the government if it doesn’t comply with the laws.

10. 5 functions of the EPA
Conducting and Evaluating Research on the environment
Monitoring environmental quality
Setting and Enforcing standards for pollution levels
Assisting States in meeting standards and goals
Educating the public

11. CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
Requires an Environmental Impact REPORT (EIR) for State Projects

12. Legal Stuff
Tort law (lawsuits) were not effective because as long as the costs of the pollution was less than the costs of cleaning up the pollution the cases were lost.
Legislative Acts were effective because the government has the right to issue permits
Regulatory Takings – the government cannot, through regulation, deprive a person or company of the value of its resources without compensation. This protects businesses.

13. Solutions to Environmental Problems of Sustainability
Bring external costs and long term costs into the Market (the relationship between the buyer and seller)
Requires Regulation and Enforcement

14. Non-market Regulation “Command and Control”
Sets strict limits with strict penalties (Fines, Jail, Shut down business)
Quick
Sometimes Difficult or costly to enforce
Creates a political backlash or resentment of environmental protection
May not meet the economic standards of the Triple Bottom Line

15. Market-Based Regulations
Involves the Market (the buyers and sellers) in enforcing regulations
Taxes/Tax Breaks/Green Taxes
Subsidies/Incentives
Cap and Trade (Permit Trading or Emission Trading)
Cap and Trade (Story of Stuff) Cap and Trade is not working (10 min)
Offsets (creates a market for activities that improve the environment)
Eco labeling (Creates a market for products that are sustainable)

17. Free Rider
someone who enjoys the benefits of an activity without paying for it.
The term free rider comes from the example of someone using public transportation without paying the fare. If too many people do this, the system will not have enough money to operate.
Another example of a free rider is a factory who does not reduce his or her share of pollutants because of costs. If too many factories do this the regulations are ineffective.
How do you reduce free riders?

18. Political Influences on Policy
Lobbying
Campaign Contributions
Revolving Door
Politicizing Science-Political Appointed Agency Executives change or hide scientific reports they don’t like.

19. Science’s influence on Policy
Research, Measurement,
Peer Review, Objectivity, Accuracy
Not influenced by economic or cultural values or worldviews

20. Role of the Judiciary
Laws cannot be enforced by the courts unless a citizen or organization brings a lawsuit.
For environmental laws to be effective, citizens or organizations must use the courts as a “TOOL” to force polluters to comply with the laws.

21. International Environmental Regulations
International Treaties
Environmental Tariffs
International Laws

22. International Organizations that affect Environmental Policy
World Bank
World Monetary Fund
United Nations (UN)
European Union (EU)

23. Influence of Business, Consumer or Industry Organizations
Sustainable Forestry Initiative SFI
Forest Stewardship Council FSC
Marine Stewardship Council MSC
Chambers of Commerce
Other industrial organizations
American Plastics Council

24. NGO’s (Non- governmental Organizations)
World Wildlife Fund
Nature Conservancy
Green Peace
Sierra Club
Audubon Society

25. Private Organizations
Public
(NGO’s)
Primary Influence
Science
Voting
Lobbying
Campaigning
Protesting
Courts/Lawsuits
Government Policy
Regulation
Private Organizations
(Industry Groups)