1. SCIENTISTS OF EVOLUTION AND TAXONOMY

2. Carl von Linne (Linnaeus, 1707-1778)
Swedish botanist
Invented system for naming, ranking and classifying organisms
1st to group similar organisms and assign them Latin names
Two word name known as Binomial nomenclature
“Father of Taxonomy”

3. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) British economist
Studied how populations of organisms grow geometrically until reaching inevitable limit
Limiting resources:
Food
Living space
Mates

4. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Proposed theory of Uniformitarianism
Geological processes work at uniform rates building and wearing down Earth’s crust
Proposed that the Earth was millions of years old instead of a few thousand

5. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Austrian monk
Experimented on pea plants to develop a theory of genetics
Explained how hereditary traits are transferred from parent to offspring

6. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)
French scientist who published his own theory of evolution
Believed more complex organisms evolved from simpler ones
Theory of “use and disuse” – more used body parts develop while unused parts grow weak
Inheritance of Acquired Traits – traits acquired during an organisms lifetime would be passed on to offspring

7. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) British naturalist
Developed modern concept of evolution
Process of natural selection – explain species descend from common ancestor
“Survival of the Fittest”

8. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
British biologist
Co-developer of the theory of evolution
Expert on geographical distribution of animal species
Idea of “warning coloration” – bright or unusual coloring protects species by warning predators

9. Darwin vs. Lamarck Lamarck:
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics – change in organism during lifetime will be passed on to offspring
Change in organism determined by what they want or need
Darwin:
Helpful traits passed on from parent to offspring aid in survival
Organisms better suited for a specific environment tend to survive and reproduce
Agreed:
Life changed gradually over time and was still developing
Living things change to better adapt to their environment
Life evolved from less complex organisms

11. Classifying Organisms
Taxonomy – system used for classifying organisms, developed by Linnaeus
Species assigned a name consisting of two parts:
1. Species name
2. Genus name
EX. Homo (genus) sapien (species)
Broader classification from more general to specific:
Domain -> Kingdom-> Phylum-> Class-> Order-> Family-> Genus-> Species

13. Three Domain System
Based on differences in DNA structure or evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
Systematics: study of taxonomy focusing on evolutionary outcomes and tracing the
ancestors of organisms
The three domains are:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

14. Domain Bacteria All single-celled prokaryotes
Cell walls of most are thick and rigid; made of peptidoglycan
Able to grow and reproduce very rapidly
Many are disease causing
Play important role in the decomposition of dead organic matter

15. Domain Archaea
All are single-celled prokaryotes
Cell walls made of polysaccharides
DNA with histone proteins
Considered “extremophiles” – live in extreme environments such as geysers, hot springs, salt lakes

16. Domain Eukarya All are eukaryotes and includes kingdoms: Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
No peptidoglycan in cells
DNA with histone proteins