1. European Colonizers of North America, 1492-1763
I. Colonization, not Assimilation
How did the U.S. Become an Offshoot of Europe, particularly England?
II. Sources of European Expansion
- The Things Europeans Had in Common
Renaissance Curiosity; Christian Expansiveness; Growth of Commerce;
Growth & Consolidation of National Monarchies in western Europe;
Ideologies that Justified Colonization, Enslavement
- The Things That Differentiated Europeans
Competition for Souls, Territory, Wealth; Different Levels of Preparation
to Colonize; Different Approaches to Colonization
III. Rivals for North American Territory
Spain (Central America, Mexico, the Southwest)
France (Canada, Mississippi Valley)
England (The 13 Colonies along the Atlantic Seaboard)
IV. What roles would Native peoples have in European colonial
systems? Could they become something like “citizens”?

2. Pope Francis (left) last year (Sept
Pope Francis (left) last year (Sept. 2015) canonized Father Junipero Serra (right), founder of Spanish missions in California

3. Excerpt from Pope Francis’s homily during canonization of Junípero Serra, Sept. 23, 2015
Father Junípero Serra…was the embodiment of “a Church which goes forth,” a Church which sets out to bring everywhere the reconciling tenderness of God. Junípero Serra left his native land and its way of life. He was excited about blazing trails, going forth to meet many people, learning and valuing their particular customs and ways of life. He learned how to bring to birth and nurture God’s life in the faces of everyone he met; he made them his brothers and sisters. Junípero sought to defend the dignity of the native community, to protect it from those who had mistreated and abused it. Mistreatment and wrongs which today still trouble us, especially because of the hurt which they cause in the lives of many people.

4. It is not just the Pope and California
It is not just the Pope and California! Consider what happened last week in Edmonds (a town about 20 minutes north of Seattle).
Last week the Edmonds City Council debated what to do with Columbus Day. Columbus Day is a federal holiday. But around the country, and especially in the West, people have questioned whether it made sense to celebrate Columbus’s achievement, and often decided to rename the holiday to recognize the fate of peoples who were victimized by European discovery and colonization.
The Edmonds mayor and the city Diversity Commission had called for a resolution that would make the 2nd Monday in October “Columbus Day and Indigenous People’s Day.”
The City Council refused to go along with this, and passed a revised resolution that made the 2nd Monday in October “Indigenous People’s Day.” The Council agreed that Columbus’s voyage had “opened the door to displacement and genocide of the native population,” but disagreed over whether Columbus himself deserved recognition—and how much.

5. William Faulkner:
“The past is never dead.
It's not even past."

6. European Expansion to North America, 1492-1763
I. Colonization, not Assimilation
How did the U.S. Become an Offshoot of Europe, particularly England?
II. Sources of European Expansion
- The Things Europeans Had in Common
Renaissance Curiosity; Christian Expansiveness; Growth of Commerce;
Growth & Consolidation of National Monarchies in western Europe
- The Things That Differentiated Europeans
Competition for Souls, Territory, Wealth; Different Levels of Preparation
to Colonize; Different Approaches to Colonization
III. Rivals for North American Territory
Spain (Central America, Mexico, the Southwest)
France (Canada, Mississippi Valley)
England (The 13 Colonies along the Atlantic Seaboard)
IV. What roles would Native peoples have in European colonial
systems? Could they become something like “citizens”?

7. European Population Movements after 1492

8. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

9. Spain in the Americas, 15th through 18th centuries

10. Spanish Frontiers,

11. Spanish & Mexican California, 1769-1833--
the Mission System, from San Diego to San Francisco,
was conceived and launched by Junipero Serra,

12. European Settlements, Eastern North America, 1742

13. French Inroads into the Continent

14. European Claims to North America, 1763—
France has been defeated and evicted, leaving
Spain and England as the main rivals

15. Comparative Population Growth in North America by 1750
New France: 55,000
New Spain: 860,000
English Colonies: 1,250,000 (including Africans)