1. COSC 3406: Computer Organization
Kalpdrum Passi
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2. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Computer Abstractions and Technology
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and Technology

3. The Computer Revolution
Progress in computer technology
Underpinned by Moore’s Law
Makes novel applications feasible
Computers in automobiles
Cell phones
Human genome project
World Wide Web
Search Engines
Computers are pervasive

4. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Classes of Computers
Personal computers
General purpose, variety of software
Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
Server computers
Network based
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range from small servers to building sized

5. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Classes of Computers
Personal computers
General purpose, variety of software
Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
Server computers
Network based
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range from small servers to building sized

6. Classes of Computers Supercomputers Embedded computers
High-end scientific and engineering calculations
Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market
Embedded computers
Hidden as components of systems
Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

7. Terabyte (TB) Originally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes
Although communications and secondary storage systems developers started using the term to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes.
To reduce confusion, we now use the term tebibyte (TiB) for 240 bytes, defining terabyte (TB) to mean bytes

8. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The PostPC Era

9. The PostPC Era Personal Mobile Device (PMD) Cloud computing
Battery operated
Connects to the Internet
Hundreds of dollars
Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses
Cloud computing
Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud
Amazon and Google

10. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What You Will Learn
How programs are translated into the machine language
And how the hardware executes them
The hardware/software interface
What determines program performance
And how it can be improved
How hardware designers improve performance
What is parallel processing

11. Understanding Performance
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology
August 29, 2018
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Understanding Performance
Algorithm
Determines number of operations executed
Programming language, compiler, architecture
Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation
Processor and memory system
Determine how fast instructions are executed
I/O system (including OS)
Determines how fast I/O operations are executed

12. Eight Great Ideas Design for Moore’s Law
Use abstraction to simplify design
Make the common case fast
Performance via parallelism
Performance via pipelining
Performance via prediction
Hierarchy of memories
Dependability via redundancy

13. 2X Transistors / chip every 2 years
Moore’s Law
Predicts:
2X Transistors / chip every 2 years
Gordon Moore Intel Cofounder B.S. Cal 1950!

14. is rising as transistor size continues to shrink
End of Moore’s Law?
Cost per transistor
is rising as transistor size continues to shrink

15. COSC 3406: So what's in it for me?
Learn some of the big ideas in CS & engineering:
5 Classic components of a Computer
Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is
Stored program concept: instructions just data
Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache)
Greater performance by exploiting parallelism
Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers
Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers
Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurement
We will take a break and talk about class philosophy.

16. Texts
Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, ARM Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD).
“Green card” summarizes MIPS
Reading assignments on web page

17. Grading Grade breakdown Midterm exam: 30%
Assignments (individual): %
Project (group): %
Final Exam: %

18. Course Problems…Cheating
What is cheating?
Studying together in groups is encouraged.
Turned-in work must be completely your own.
Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, …
Both “giver” and “receiver” are equally culpable
Cheating on homeworks: negative points for that assignment (e.g., if it’s worth 10 pts, you get -10)