1. Digital Image Processing
Chapter 1: Introduction

2. Table of Contents What is Digital Image Processing ?
The Origins of Digital Image processing
Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Gamma-Rays Imaging
X-ray Imaging
Imaging in Ultraviolet band
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Imaging in Microwave Band
Imaging in Radio Band
Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
Fundamental elements of Image Processing system
Components of an Image Processing

3. What is Digital Image Processing ?
Definitions
Digital Image
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y)
x , y spatial (plane) coordinates
f(x,y) - intensity or gray level (The amplitude of f at any pair of
coordinates (x, y). )
The image is digital when x,y and f are finite and discrete.
Pixel
A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value
These elements are referred to as picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels

4. What is Digital Image Processing ?
Concept
Digital Images are produced by imaging machines covering almost the entire range of the EM spectrum. Digital Images include ultrasound, electron microscopy, and computer-generated images.
There is no clear boundary between digital image processing and computer vision
What does digital Image processing encompass?
Processes whose input and output are images
Processes that recognize individual objects according to extracted attributes from images

5. Origins of Digital Image processing
The first examples of digital image processing was in the newspaper industry in the early 1920s
Early Attempts
Specialized printing equipment coded pictures for cable transmission and then reconstructed them at the receiving end
Bartland Cable system
Used Telegraphy printer with 5 gray levels to transmit images between London and New York
Result
Reduced the time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours

6. Origins of Digital Image processing
1921
The photographic reproduction of the telegraphic tapes improved the image recovery

7. Origins of Digital Image processing
1922
A digital picture made in 1922 from a tape punched after the signals had crossed the Atlantic twice
Some errors are visible

8. Origins of Digital Image processing
1929
Early Bartlane system with capability of coding images five distinct levels of gray was increased to 15 gray levels

9. Origins of Digital Image processing
Digital Image processing could not truly begin until the birth of the digital computer
Basis for Modern Digital Computer
Invention of the transistor by Bell Laboratories in 1948
Development in the 1950s and 1960s of the high-level programming languages COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator)
Invention of the integrated circuit (IC) at Texas Instruments in 1958
Development of operating systems in the early 1960s.
The development of the microprocessor (a single chip consisting of the central processing unit, memory, and input and output controls) by Intel in the early 1970s

10. Origins of Digital Image processing
Digital Image processing could not truly begin until the birth of the digital computer
Basis for Modern Digital Computer (cont’d)
Introduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981.
Progressive miniaturization of components, starting with large scale integration (LI) in the late 1970s, then very large scale integration (VLSI) in the 1980s, to the present use of ultra large scale integration (ULSI)
1960
Space program , a major outcome of digital image processing
Digital images were sent back to earth from Ranger 7 in 1964
Image processing lessons learned with the Ranger 7 images were used in with later space flights
Techniques that were learned with the space flights were simultaneously applied to medical imaging.

11. Origins of Digital Image processing
Picture Information
First picture of the moon taken by U.S. spacecraft ranger 7
Taken on July31,1964 at 9:09 A.M.
Space craft impacted the lunar surface 17 minutes after taking this picture

12. Origins of Digital Image processing
Application
Medicine
X rays were passed through objects and 3D images were constructed
Industry
To determine the internal deform and flaws in the objects
Image Restoration and enhancement
Geographers
Used to study pollution patterns in atmosphere

13. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Gamma Rays Imaging
Nuclear Medicine
Radio active material is sent into human body and images are collected
Bone scan taken with gamma rays

14. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Gamma Rays Imaging
Nuclear Medicine
Injecting a patient with a radioactive isotope, emits gamma rays as it decays
Images are produced from the emissions collected by gamma ray detectors
Positron emission tomography
Image of a patient

15. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Gamma Rays Imaging
Astronomical observations Picture shows
A star in the constellation of Cygnus exploded about 15,000 years ago
Superheated stationary gas cloud (known as the Cygnus Loop) generated
Heat glows glows in a spectacular array of colors
This image was obtained using the natural radiation.
Cygnus loop with the exploded star

16. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
X-ray Imaging
Medicine
Angiogram determines blockage in blood vessels
Aortic angiogram 414x360

17. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
X-ray Imaging
Industry
Determine flaws in electronic circuit boards
Circuit board X-ray 1838x929

18. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Ultraviolet Band
UV light are visible only when they collide with flourescent material
Used in Fluorescence microscopy
Normal corn(ultraviolet) 460x300

19. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Pharmaceutical
Light microscopy(Taxol 250X) 483x282

20. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Industry
Ranging from enhancement to measurement
Light microscopy (microprocessor 60X) 461x299

21. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Remote sensing
Arial view
Satellite view
Multispectral (near infrared) 1024x1026

22. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Quality Control
To observe flaws in product manufactured
Lens implant (visual) 614x590

23. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Visible and Infrared bands
Quality Control
To find out missing component
Circuit board (visual) 594x671

24. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Microwave Band
Radar
Explore any inaccessible area
Records the microwave energy reflected back to the antenna
Radar image 1342x1990

25. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Imaging in Radio Band
Medicine
Radiowaves are used in magnetic resonance imaging. Short pulses of radiowaves are passed through body and its resonance are recorded.
Knee (MRI) 388x462

26. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
Electron microscopy
SEM (tungsten filament) 535x576

27. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
Industry-high frequency sound spectrum in millions of hertz used SEM (integrated ckt) 748x1000

28. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
Medicine
Ultrasound imaging in million of hertz are sent into body and received each second.Images produced from the body are shown

29. Examples of Fields Using Digital Image processing
Examples in which other imaging modalities are used
Computer Generated Images
Fractal- Images constructed based on certain mathematical formulations

30. Components of an Image Processing System
Fundamental elements of Image Processing system
Physical device-sensitive to the energy radiated by the object
Digitizer-convert the sensor output into digital form

31. Components of an Image Processing System
Specialized Image processing hard ware to process arithmetic and logic operations on the DIGITIZER
Computer
Software for image processing consists of modules designed for specific task
Mass storage capability

32. Components of an Image Processing System
Image Displays
Color TV monitors
Hard copy devices
Laser printer
Cameras
Inkjet units
Networking is the important factor that defines Image Transmission by the term bandwidth

33. Summary
Representation of spatial domain techniques commonly used in practice for image enhancement.
Introducing a number of concepts, such as filtering with spatial masks, that will be used in the coming chapters.