1. Unit 1: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport
BTEC Level 3 Sport
Unit 1: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology in Sport

2. Recap Describe aerobic and anaerobic energy production
Name the different types of muscle and describe the characteristics of these
Describe the location of the major muscles

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the location and function of the major muscles
Label the gross structure of muscle
Describe the different fibres types found within muscle and sports associated with different fibre types
Explain and analyse the use of different fibre types during sport/exercise

4. Learning Objectives
Describe how muscles work in antagonistic pairs with a specific example and using appropriate terminology
Name and describe the different types of muscular contraction with sporting examples

5. Cell Microstructure

6. Cell Respiration
This is how our body makes energy… Aerobic Respiration – using oxygen Anaerobic Respiration – without oxygen

7. Cell Respiration
Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Water + Carbon Dioxide Anaerobic Respiration: Glucose + No Oxygen = Energy + Lactic Acid

8. What is the muscular system?
What are its roles…?

9. Functions of the Muscular System
Energy production
Movement
Maintain posture
Produce heat
Regulate blood flow
Digestion and waste removal
Supports the skeleton

10. The Muscular System Muscle Types Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)
Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)
Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)
Define voluntary and involuntary!

11. Cardiac Muscle
This type of muscle is found solely in the walls of the heart.
It is striated in its appearance with its contractions not being under conscious control.
It is under the control of the central nervous system, however, even without a nervous input contractions can occur due to specialised ‘auto rhythmic’ cells
Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, myoglobin and a good blood supply

12. Smooth Muscle
Sometimes referred to as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movements.
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the Stomach, Oesophagus, Bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels.
This muscle type is stimulated by involuntary impulses and has slow, rhythmical contractions
Used in controlling internal organs, for example: moving food along the Oesophagus

13. Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are those which attach to bones (primary function is contraction to enable movement of our skeletons)
Also known as striated muscles due to their appearance.
The cause of this stripy appearance is the bands of actin and myosin, found within the myofibrils (part of the sliding filament process)
Skeletal muscles are also sometimes called voluntary muscles, because we have direct control over them
Contraction can vary from powerful contractions to enable, fast movements to small precision actions
Have the ability to stretch or contract and still return to their original shape

14. Gross Muscle Structure
What is the make up
of a muscle?

15. Gross Muscle Structure

16. Gross Muscle Structure
Tendons – Attach skeletal muscle to bone
Epimysium – The outer layer of the muscle
Perimysium – Covers individual bundles of fibres (fasculi)
Fascicle – A bundle of muscle fibres
Endomysium – Surrounds each individual muscle fibre
Muscle Fibre – This is a single muscle cell
Blood vessels – Delivery and removal to the cells ‘fibres’
Motor neurones – Innervate cells ‘fibres’

17. Major Muscles (Anterior)
Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi
Task
Use the worksheet and label as many muscles as you can
Biceps Brachii
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Sternacloidamastoid
Triceps Brachii
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Anterior
Rectus Abdominus
External Obliques
Iliacus
Tensor Fascia Latae
Adductor Longus
Rectus Femoris
Sartorius
Vastus Lateralis
Adductor Magnus
Gracillis
Vastus Medialis
Gastrocnemius
Peroneous Longus
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum
Soleus

18. Major Muscles (Posterior)
Flexors
Pronator Teres
Task
Use the worksheet and label as many muscles as you can
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps Brachii
Trapezius
Deltoids
Rhomboids
Teres Major
Infraspinatus
Latissimus Dorsi
External Obliques
Sacrospinalis
Gluteus Medius
Tensor Fascia Latae
Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus
Semimembranosus
Semitendonous
Bicep Femoris
Gracillis
Vastus Lateralis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis
Flexor Longus

19. Muscle Fibres The human body has three muscle fibre types
Type 1 (Slow Twitch or Slow Oxidative)
Type 2a (Fast Twitch or Fast Oxiditave-Glycotic)
Type 2b (Fast Twitch or Fast Glycotic)

20. Type 1 Proteins – actin and myosin – responsible for contraction
Nucleus
Glucose and fat stores
Loads of mitochondria
Loads of myoglobin
Lots of capillaries
Sports: Marathon, triathlon, 10,000m, Tour De Britain, etc

21. Type 2b Proteins – actin and myosin – responsible for contraction
Nucleus
Glucose and fat stores
Few mitochondria
Few myoglobin
Few capillaries
Sports: long jump, shot putt, 100m, 110m hurdles, weightlifting

22. Muscle Microstructure
This is the structure INSIDE a muscle cell – these are commonly referred to as ‘muscle fibres’
Each cell in the human body has similar components ‘cell organelles’ e.g. nuclei, cell membrane, microfilaments, mitochondria – although each cell varies slightly depending on the specific tissue it belongs to e.g. muscle cell, bone cell, brain cell

23. Muscle Cells Are long, thin cylindrical shaped cells
Cells contain mitochondria, myoglobin and fuel stores
Microfilaments make up the internal structure of the cell
In muscle these are called myofibrils and are composed of thread like contractile proteins - the two main proteins are called actin and myosin

24. Muscle Cells
The myofibrils of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) are what makes muscle look stripy!
These are important in muscle contraction
Muscle Structure Overview

25. Task
What is the predominant muscle fibre type of the following sportspeople?
100m Sprinter
200m freestyle Swimmer
Golfer
Marathon Runner
2000m Row
Footballer
Rugby Player
High Jumper

26. Muscle Biopsy

27. Muscle Fibre Types Characteristics Type I Type IIA Type IIB
Other names
Red, Slow twitch(ST)
Slow oxidative (SO)
White, Fast twitch(FT) Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
White, Fast twitch(FT)
Fast glycolytic (FG)
Contraction speed
Slow
Fast
Fastest
Contraction strength
Low
High
Highest
Fatigue resistance
Lowest
Aerobic capacity
Medium
Anaerobic capacity
Myoglobin content
Moderate
Mitochondrial density
Less
Least
Capillary density
Very dense
Motor unit size
Small
Larger
Largest

28. How do muscles contract? Where does this process start?

29. How do Muscles work?
Muscles only pull
They do not push!

30. The Neuromuscular System
Brain
Motor neurone
(Neuromuscular junction)
Muscle

31. Muscle Contraction We want to produce movement
The brain sends a nerve impulse down the spinal cord
At the spinal cord the impulse travels down a motor neurone(s)
The impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine is released and diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the motor end plate and through the T-tubules

32. Muscle Contraction Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium binds to Troponin which moves Tropomyosin away from the actin binding site
Myosin can now attach to the actin binding site
Myosin ‘pulls’ the actin filaments
The filaments detach when another ATP is available

33. Motor Units
A motor unit is one motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it innervates
‘All or nothing’ principle - when a motor neurone is activated all the motor fibres in the motor unit will contract

34. Motor Units

35. Motor Unit Recruitment
The movement required will dictate how many motor units within a muscle are activated ‘recruited’ to perform the movement
Q. What sporting activities will require large motor unit recruitment?
Q. What are the consequences of this?

36. Neuromuscular Responses
Increased number of nerve transmissions
For strong contractions- increased number of motor units recruited... A bigger proportion of the muscle contracts or there is less time between transmissions
For prolonged contraction- motor units are alternated… delay fatigue

37. Alternate which motor unit is working1 2
Alternate which motor unit is working
OFF
OFF
OFF ON 3
OFF 5
Recycling allows time for recovery 4

38. Muscle Movement
Task - Draw your own diagram and write a description of how muscles work

39. Muscle Contractions
Isometric muscle contraction – when a muscle a contracts but does not produce movement – the muscle just stays the same length e.g…….
Isotonic – when a muscle is producing force and moving
Concentric – Muscle is getting shorter and producing force e.g…
Eccentric – Muscle is getting longer and producing force e.g…
3. Isokinetic – Muscle produces constant force – isokinetic dynamometer

40. Muscle Contractions Isometric – Static Isotonic - Moving
Concentric – Muscle Shortens
Eccentric – Muscle Lengthens
3. Isokinetic – constant force
Create your own examples!

41. Muscles work together…
Agonist - The prime mover – the main muscle which contracts to produce the movement
Antagonist – Relaxes a bit to ‘control the movement. It protects the joints
Synergist - Work with the agonist to help produce the movement
Fixator - Stabilises or fixes other joints to prevent unwanted movement(s)

42. Task Complete the muscle actions Identify:
The concentrically contracting muscles
The eccentrically contracting muscles
The synergists & fixators