1. National Income Accounting & Gross Domestic Product
National Income Accounting Defined
Measures of Output
GDP vs Real GDP
GDP Per Capita
Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of Economic
Well-Being

2. Measures of Output (Production)
National Income Accounting refers to the measurement of aggregate economic activity, particularly national income and its components.
Aggregate = Total or Gross

3. Measures of Output (Production)
Gross Domestic Product is the total dollar value of final output produced within a nations borders in a given time period at current market prices
Gross Domestic Product is also referred to as
Nominal Gross Domestic Product
Current Gross Domestic Product

4. Measuring Gross Domestic Product
The Expenditures Approach
C + I + G + (Xn) = GDP
The Flow of Income Approach
Households supply business with the factors of production in return for payment in the form of wages, profits, rent, and interest
The Value Added Approach
Adds the increase in value at each stage of the production and distribution process

5. How GDP Is Measured? $ Same As $ (GDP = C + I + G + Xn )
Income (wages, salary, rent, interest, profits)
Flow of Income Approach $
Value of what is produced
Same As
Households
Firms
Expenditures Approach
Value of what is spent $
Expenditures by Consumers, Investors, Government, and Net Exports
(GDP = C + I + G + Xn )
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. The Flow of Income Approach
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
- Depreciation
Net Domestic Product
- Indirect business taxes and subsidies
Domestic Income (DI) = National Income = (W + R + I + P)
- Earnings not received
+ Receipts not earned
Personal Income (PI)
- Personal Taxes
Disposable Personal Income (DPI)
Indirect Business Taxes are primarily sales taxes and excise taxes; subsidies include payments such as those made to farmers
Earnings not received include social security taxes and corporate profits not paid out as dividends
Receipts not earned include Social Security Benefits plus other government transfer payments

7. Value Added in Various Stages of Production
Value of Transactions
Value Added
1. Farmer grows wheat, sells it to miller
$0.12/lb
2. Miller grinds to flour, sells to baker
$0.28/lb
$0.16/lb
3. Baker bakes bagel, sells it to retailer
$0.60/lb
$0.32/lb
4. Bagel store sells bagel to consumer
$0.75/lb
$0.15/lb
Total
$1.75/lb

8. Two Things to Avoid when Compiling GDP
Multiple counting
Only expenditures on final products – what consumers, businesses, and government units buy for their own use belong in GDP
Intermediate goods are not counted
Used goods are not counted
Transfer payments
Transfer payments are not payments for currently produced goods and services
When they are spent for final goods and services they will go into GDP as consumer spending
Financial transactions don’t go into GDP
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. GDP vs Real GDP Removing the effect of Inflation
Suppose we invited the same friends to a birthday party each year for four years and purchased one giant pizza each year.
We notice that although the giant size pizza doesn’t change from year to year, it costs $1 more each year.
The pie didn’t change, but the dollar value (price) of the pie did
If we want to compare GDP from year to year, we need to get rid of the inflation (price) effect!

10. Computing Real GDP 2004 Qtr 2, 2005 $11,734 $12,378 $644 1.5% $12,195
Nominal GDP (in billions)
$11,734
$12,378
Change in Nominal GDP
$644
Change in Price Level, 2004 to 2005
1.5%
Real GDP in 2004 dollars
$12,195
Change in Real GDP
$461

11. Computing Real GDP The general formula for computing real GDP is:
Real GDP in year t = Nominal GDP in year t
Price Index
Real GDP in 2nd Qtr, 2005 = $12,378 = $12,195
1.015

12. GDP & the “GDP Deflator”
To correct Nominal GDP for price increases from one year to the next, we must calculate real GDP using a Price Index.
For GDP price adjustments, this price index is called the GDP Deflator and is calculated quarterly by the Department of Commerce.
A price index is an index number that shows how the average prices of goods change over time. Based on percentage change from a “base year”

13. GDP and Real GDP(in 1992Dollars), 1960-2000
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. International Comparisons of GDP
International Comparisons of GDP are difficult for a number of reasons:
1. Different countries use different national income
accounting systems
2. International exchange rates into dollars fluctuate
3. Data from other countries may be unreliable

15. Trillion Dollar Economies, 2000
See page 197 of text for changes is numbers for 2001!
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Per Capita GDP
Per Capita GDP calculations attempt to give us additional information about how we are doing as an economy.
Per Capita GDP calculations may be a better measure of the standard of living.
For citizens living in the same country over time
For comparing standards of living between citizens of different countries

17. Per Capita Nominal GDP GDP
Per capita GDP =
2005
2005
Population
2005
$12,378,000,000,000
Per capita GDP =
2005
297,000,000
Per capita GDP = $41,677
2005
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Per Capita Real GDP Real GDP
To compare per capita GDP in one year with that of another year we have to correct for inflation. In other words, we really need to revise our formula
Real GDP
Per capita real GDP =
Population
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Per Capita GDP of the 10 Leading nations, 2000
International comparisons for per capita GDP are at least somewhat suspect because of varying national income accounting systems as well as fluctuations of foreign exchange rates
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20. Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of National Economic Well-Being
Do the GDP accounts – either the expenditure side or the income side – tell us anything we really want to know about the quality of life?

21. Shortcomings of GDP as a Measure of National Economic Well-being
Production that is excluded
Household production
Illegal production
The underground economy
Treatment of leisure time
Human cost and benefits
GDP gives us a ballpark idea of how much we produce, not necessarily how well off we are
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. - - What Goes into GDP James Tobin and William Nordhaus:
A Measure of Economic Welfare
GDP
The economic bads (pollution control, repairs)
The regrettable necessities (prisons, police, defense)
Household, unreported, and illegal production
A Measure of Economic Welfare - - +
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23. GDP & Economic Well-Being
Business News:
“Economic growth indicators are up, led by car repairs, divorce costs, open heart surgeries, and toxic waste clean-ups.”

24. What Goes Into GDP
When a large part of our production goes toward national defense, police protection, pollution control devices, repair and replacement of poorly made cars and appliances, and cleanups of oil spills, a large GDP is not a good indicator of how we’re doing
In general, the problem with using GDP as a measure of national economic well-being is that GDP is just one number, and no single number can possibly provide us with all of the information we need
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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. “Redefining Progress” – A Conservation Group from the Bay Area
GDP should be replaced with the “Genuine Progress Indicator” which would suggest that the nation’s economic health is overstated by $7 trillion.
Start with GDP
Add: Value of Household Work not counted in GDP
Value of Volunteer Contribution Work
Subtract:
Crime Factor
Environmental Degradation Factor
Family Breakdown Factor
Overextended Worker Stress Factor
Exploding Consumer Debt
Inequality of Distribution of Wealth & Income

26. The Last Word
The U.S. Government has spent nearly 70 years defining a National Income Accounting System designed to give us some feel for how our economy is doing and changing
It is not perfect by any means
It probably needs to continue to evolve
Yet, it is also probably the most sophisticated system and materially accurate system in use anywhere in the world
And it has become the standard for other countries in the world