1. Violence

2. Evaluate sociocultural explanations of the origins of violence
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
Power differences (Vygotsky)
Social norms (culture of honour)
Deindividuation theory (Zimbardo’s study)
Social identity theory
Self-categorization

4. Discuss the effects of short‑term and long‑term exposure to violence
Violence: the case of bullying
The flight or fight response is activated
Effects of violence (bullying) on the individual:
Olweus (1992) found a correlation between being bullied and low self-esteem and depression by the age of 23
UK survey found that 20% of the people who had been bullied had attempted suicide compared to 3% who were not

5. Short-term and long-term effects
Olweus’ list from 1992, p. 298
Kidscape Survey (includes a lot of long-term effects of bullying, 1999)
Gender differences
Victim’s brain development
Downward comparison
Victim’s perception of control over their bullying experience is an important factor
Joseph (2003) of bullying on mental health (PTSD)
Snyder (2003) found a link between being bullied and depressed and antisocial behaviour
A supportive network lower the impact of bullying
Gay and Lesbian youth suffer more than heterosexual youth (hatred in the hallways 2001)

6. Effects of long-term exposure of bullying
Wang et al. 2010: cyber bullying and depression had higher rates than face –to- face bullying
Carney and Hazler (2007): found a relation between cortisol levels and bullying. Cortisol increases (short-term) which affects memory and learning. Long-term effects was linked to low levels of cortisol which can lead to negative helth problems (such PTSD).
Mynard et al. 2000: Bullying and PTSD. Social exclusion is more likely to lead to PTSD.

7. Prevention

8. Discuss the relative effectiveness of two strategies for reducing violence
Use counselling in schools
Use virtual reality to improve empathy
Social-skills training (Schneider 1991)
Jigsaw classroom (Elliot Aronson 1979)
Whole school approach – Olweus 1972
ISH has implemented Olweus!

9. Violence in ads