1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:
Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and
a programmable data processor.
Define the von Neumann model and name its components: memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output.
Understand the stored program concept.
Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program.
Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, and data.

3. Definition
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computer Science defines as “issues related to the computer”

4. 1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A BLOCK BOX
- Black box is a technical term for a device or system or object
when it is viewed primarily in terms of its input and output characteristics.
- Almost anything might occasionally be referred to as a black box:
a transistor, an algorithm, humans, the Internet.

5. Figure 1-1
Data processor model
- A computer acts as a black box that accepts input data, processes data and creates output
- Problem : does not specify type of processing / operations

6. Programmable data processor model
Figure 1-2
Programmable data processor model
A program : is a set of instructions; what the computer should do
Today’s understanding : a set of instructions written in a computer language
Output data : consist of input and the program

7. Same program, different data
Figure 1-3
Same program, different data

8. Same data, different programs
Figure 1-4

9. 1.2 VON NEUMANN
MODEL(VNM)

10. VNM history
The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data
Its define how processing is done.
Based on three ideas

11. Figure 1-5
von Neumann model

12. Idea 1: Four Subsystems for VNM
Memory – is a storage area. Store programs & data during process
ALU – calculation & logical operations take place
Control Unit – controls the operations of the memory, ALU, IO subsystem
IO – input; accepts input data/program from outside computer,
output; sends the result of processing to the outside

13. Idea 2: Stored Program Concept
The program must stored in the memory
Stored in binary pattern : 1 or 0

14. Idea 3: Sequential Execution of instructions
Made of a finite number of instructions
CU fetches one instruction from memory, interprets it and execute

15. 1.3 COMPUTER
HARDWARE

16. Three broad categories
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Input/Output

18. 1.4 DATA

19. Storing data Store in two state : presence or absence
Data such as text, image, audio, need to be changed to appropriate form (0s and 1s)

20. Organizing data
Inside a computer, data should be stored only in binary pattern
Outside a computer it may takes many forms
Computers and the notation of data processing had created a study field known as data organization
It’s to organize data into different entities and formats before storing them inside a computer.

21. 1.5 COMPUTER
SOFTWARE

22. Introduction
Computer software : a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system
Programming : for these early computers meant changing the wiring systems or tuning on and off a set of switches.

23. Two aspect of programming to be understood.
In VNM, the programs are stored in computer memory. Memory not only hold data, but also hold the program (Figure 1.6)

24. Programs Must Be Stored
Figure 1-6
Programs Must Be Stored
Program and data in memory

25. A Sequence Of Instructions
Figure 1-7
A Sequence Of Instructions
Program made of instructions; Why? For Reusability

26. Variety of Instructions
Algorithm – step-by-step solution
Language – to write computer instruction
Software engineering – the design and writing of structured programs
Operating systems – work as a manager to facilitate access of the computer components for a program

27. 1.6 HISTORY

28. Mechanical Machines; Before 1930
Suanpan (the number represented on this abacus is 6,302,715,408)
A mechanical calculator from Note the lever used to rotate the gears.

29. 1801: punched card technology
Punched card system of a music machine, also referred to as Book music, a one-stop European medium for organs
Punched card with the extended alphabet

30. Charles Babbage, 1823
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
Part of Babbage's difference engine, assembled after his death by Babbage's son, using parts found in his laboratory.
The London Science Museum's replica Difference Engine, built from Babbage's design.

31. ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic general-purpose computer

32. 1930s–1960s: desktop calculators
The Curta calculator can also do multiplication and division

33. Advanced analog computers
Cambridge differential analyzer, 1938

34. Early digital computers
Punched tape programs would be much longer than the short fragment shown.
Nine-track magnetic tape

35. Early Electronic Computers
Special Purposes computer ;The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital computing device.

36. Program-controlled computers, general purposes machines
A reproduction of Zuse's Z1 computer.

37. Colossus
Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War II.

38. Computers Based on The VNM
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers
The EDVAC as installed in Building 328 at the Ballistics Research Laboratory.

39. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

40. FIRST GENERATION 1950-1959 Commercial computer Expensive Professionals
Bulky, use vacuum tubes

41. SECOND GENERATION
Use transistor
Use FORTRAN & COBOL

42. THIRD GENERATION 1965-1975 Use integrated circuit or microchip
Minicomputer appeared on the market

43. Microchips (EPROM memory) with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside
Integrated circuit of Atmel Diopsis 740 System on Chip showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery

44. TV Typewriter
1969 Data General Nova.

45. FOURTH GENERATION 1975-1985 Microcomputer
Emergence of computer network

46. FIFTH GENERATION 1985 – now Laptop & palmtop
The use of multimedia + VR