1. Chapter 8 Political geography

2. Key issue #1 where are states located?

4. Where Are States Located?
Problems of defining states
Almost all habitable land belongs to a country today
In 1940, there were about 50 countries
Today, there are 193 countries (as evidenced by United Nations membership)
Some places are difficult to classify:
Korea: One state or two?
China and Taiwan
Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic)
Claims to polar regions

5. United Nations Members
Fig. 8-1: The UN has increased from 51 members in 1945 to 191 in 2003.
Montenegro was added in 2006 and South Sudan in 2011.

6. Antarctica: National Claims
Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

7. Where Are States Located?
Varying sizes of states
State size varies considerably
Largest state = Russia
11 percent of the world’s land area
Smallest state = Monaco
Microstate = states with very small land areas
About two dozen microstates
Examples? Many are ?

10. Where Are States Located?
Development of the state concept
Ancient states
The Fertile Crescent
City-states
Early European states
Feudal-states (Feudalism)
Colonialism vs. Imperialism
Three motives: “God, gold, and glory”
Today = some remaining colonies
Examples

11. The Fertile Crescent
Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.

12. Colonial Possessions, 1914
Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world, especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.

13. Colonial Possessions, 2003
Fig. 8-5: Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean.

14. Key issue #2 why do boundaries cause problems?

15. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Shapes of states
Five basic shapes:
Compact
Pros…Cons…Examples…
Elongated
Prorupted
Perforated
Fragmented

17. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Landlocked states-lacks a direct outlet to the sea b/c it is completely surrounded by other countries.
Green denotes the 42 landlocked countries located in the world. Purple denotes the 2 doubly landlocked countries in the world.

18. African States
Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

19. India: The Tin Bigha Corridor
Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

20. Enclave – A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another
Enclave – A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another. However, an enclave does not have political affinity to the surrounding state. Also, an enclave does not belong to another country. For example, the Vatican City is an enclave of Rome. The Vatican City has its own government and is independent from Rome and Italy. Therefore, it is not bound by the rules of Rome, as well as the rules of Italy.

21. Exclave – An exclave is part of a country that is or almost completely separated from the main part of the country. Alaska is an example of an exclave. Although it is separated form the U.S., it shares boundaries with Canada. Another example is Hawaii, which is completely separated from the U.S. by the Pacific Ocean.

22. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Types of boundaries
Physical
Desert boundaries
Examples
Mountain boundaries
Water boundaries

23. Physical Boundaries

24. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Frontier-a zone where no state exercises complete political control.
**The only regions that still have frontiers, rather than boundaries, are Antarctica and the Arabian Peninsula.

25. Frontiers in the Arabian Peninsula
Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

26. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Cultural
Geometric boundaries
Examples
Human features (language, religion, ethnicity)

27. Aozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary
Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

28. Division of Cyprus
Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Green and Turkish portions since 1974.

29. Types of boundaries Antecedent Boundary Subsequent Boundary
A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
Ex: Himalayan Mountains between China and India; Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France
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Subsequent Boundary
A boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes
Ex: China and Vietnam/ Germany and Poland/ Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland

30. Types of boundaries Superimposed Boundary Relic Boundaries
A boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre- existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)
Ex: North Korea/South Korea boundary
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Relic Boundaries
Old political boundaries that no longer exist as international borders, but that have left an enduring mark on the local cultural or environmental geography
Ex: Berlin Wall/ the Great Wall of China

32. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Boundaries inside states
Unitary states-puts most power in the hands of the central gov’t.
Example: France
Federal states-divides power b/t a central gov’t and units of local gov’t.
Example: Poland
Globally, there is a trend toward federations

33. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?
Electoral geography
Boundaries within the United States are used to create legislative districts
Gerrymandering-process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power.
Three types: wasted, excess, and stacked vote
“Illegal” (1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision)

34. Gerrymandering: Florida and Georgia
Named after Elbridge Gerry,
Governor of Massachusetts in the 1800s
Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

35. Gerrymandering Wasted Vote:
Spreads the opposition supporters across many districts
Excess Vote:
Type of gerrymandering that concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts
Stacked Vote:
Links liked-minded, distant voters with oddly-drawn boundaries

36. Enclaves and Exclaves video: https://www. youtube. com/watch
Enclaves and Exclaves video: Redistricting game:

37. Key issue #3 why do states cooperate with each other?

38. Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?
Political and military cooperation
The United Nations (est. 1945), replaced what?
Regional military alliances
Balance of power
Post–World War II: NATO or the Warsaw Pact
Other regional organizations
OSEC (est. 1965)
OAS (est. 1962)
OAU (est. 1963)
The Commonwealth of Nations

39. Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?
Economic cooperation
European Union (est.1958)
COMECON (est.1949)
NAFTA (est.1994)
OPEC (est.1960)

40. The European Union and NATO
Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

41. Economic and Military Alliances in Cold War Europe
Figure 8-21

42. European Boundary Changes
Fig. 8-13: Twentieth-century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

43. Key issue #4 why has terrorism increased?

44. Why Has Terrorism Increased?
Systematic use of violence to intimidate a population or to coerce a government
From the Latin word meaning “to frighten”
Use of bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, and murder to instill fear and anxiety in a population

45. Why Has Terrorism Increased?
Terrorism by individuals and organizations
American terrorists
September 11, 2001 attacks
Al-Qaeda
Jihad

46. World Trade Center
Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center June 30, 2000, before the attack.

47. World Trade Center Site September 15, 2001
Ikonos satellite images of the World Trade Center September 15, 2001, after the attack.

48. Aftermath of World Trade Center Attack

49. Why Has Terrorism Increased?
State support for terrorism
Three increasing levels of involvement
Providing sanctuary
Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists
Using terrorists to plan attacks

50. Why Has Terrorism Increased?
State support for terrorism
Examples
Libya
Iraq
Afghanistan
Iran
Pakistan

51. Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia

52. Major Tribes in Iraq

53. OTHER INFO:

54. Mackinder’s heartland theory
The Heartland Theory Definition - In 1904, Sir Halford Mackinder published the Heartland theory. The theory proposed that whoever controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland. It also supported the concept of world dominance. Explanation - A more revised version explains that whoever controls the heartland, controls the world island. Whoever controls the World Island, will soon rule the world. In other words, the group or nation who dominates the heartland, can then extend its domination over a far wider area. The heartland has primarily been Central Asia, the high seas, and Eurasia. Example - The Nazi party was in favor of the concept during World War II. The idea was very popular with the party, and they sought to achieve it. Also, the theory was accepted by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each nation made great territorial strides toward the heartland, but to no avail.

55. Spykman’s rimland theory
The Rimland Theory Definition - In 1942, Nichols Spykman created a theory which countered Mackinder’s Heartland theory. Spykman stated that Eurasia’s rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island. Explanation - The rimland contains the Heartland. Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island. Whoever would control the World Island would soon control the world. Example - His theory was influential mainly during the Cold War. The Soviet Union desired to control the rimland around them. If accomplished, the Soviet Union would control the heartland, rimland, and the World Island.

56. Wallerstein’s world systems theory
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory Definition - The basic World-systems approach is a view of the recent five countries of world history, as well as ideas by several theorists, to studying international relations, world history, and sociology. The world- systems theory was proposed by world-systems analyst Immanuel Wallerstein.
Explanation - Immanuel Wallerstein proposed that the world system as a set of mechanisms which distributes resources from the periphery to the core. He stated that the core is the more developed, industrial part of the world, and the periphery is typically the raw materials- exporting, poor part of the world. The market being the means by which the core exploits the periphery. Wallerstein evaluates the World System as, “A system is defined as unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems.” In the current world system, the United States is the key core country.

57. Federal and Unitary States Definition - A federal state places its power in the hands of a central government, as well as its sub-state territorial units. A unitary state, however, shares its power between local and national governments. Explanation - In a unitary state, subnational units are created as well as abolished. Their powers may even be broadened and narrowed. The small administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government, which remains supreme, chooses to appoint. On the contrary, federal states share sovereignty with the central government. The states of the federation have an existence and power functions that can’t be changed by the central government. Some countries are unitary states, but also have federal systems. These countries are considered a hybrid of the two. Example - The United Kingdom is an example of a unitary state. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and England all have a degree of autonomous devolved power. However, the power is only appointed by Britain’s central government. An example of a federal state is the United States. Power is shared between the federal government of the U.S. and the U.S. states individually.