1. Biodiversity

18. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the shorter term for biological diversity .It pertains to the distribution of various plants and animals to a particular region.
It also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of all living things

19. Why study Biodiversity?
What we know: The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate
Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year.
when species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected.

20. What is the importance of Biodiversity
What is the importance of Biodiversity? Provides "Our Living Bank Balance" 

21. Source of natural products Provider of natural services

22. 3 Components of Biodiversity
Diversity of genes Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same species —but they're not the same because there is variety in their genes.
Beagle
Chihuahua
Rottweilers

23. 2. Diversity of number of species For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species.
Saki Monkey
Golden Skimmer
Meadow Beauty

24. 3. Variety of ecosystems
Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater Ecosystems.
Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Salt Marsh , Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems.
So what’s an ECOSYSTEM???

25. ECOSYSTEM
“ A self-contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants, that interact with each other and with their physical environment.”

26. Within an ecosystem there can be many HABITATS
This is the physical and chemical description of where a creature lives...

27. HABITATS might describe:
The NAME of the place where the creature lives.
eg Arctic Canada is the habitat of the polar bear Ursa maritima.

28. The process of Extinction
Threatened means that the animal is vulnerable to extinction and the population of the animal is declining. (ex: Certain species of whale population are being threatened.)

29. Endangered means that the animal will soon be extinct if nothing is done about it. Some endangered animals are being bred in captivity until their numbers increase enough to be released back in the wild. (ex: Bald Eagles are an endangered species of bird. Pandas are an endangered species of bear.)

30. Extinct means that the animal has completely died out and there aren't any left of this species. (ex: Dinosaurs are an extinct species of reptile. Dodo is an extinct bird.)

31. Determining Species Distribution and Abundance
1) Environmental Factors
Temperature
Seasonality
2)Amount and Variability of Precipitation
Dispersal contributes to this global distribution of species.
Above: Biogeographic realms indicating distribution patterns due to continental drift and topographic land barriers

32. Flowchart of Factors Limiting Geographic Distribution
Understanding the Flow Chart:
Behavior Limits: refer to habitat selection
Biotic Factors: mainly refer to predation and the presence or absence of food resources but may also include parasitism, disease, or competition
Abiotic Factors: include temperature, water, sunlight, wind, and climate conditions
Flowchart replicated from Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. Seventh. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc., Print. 

33. Climate mainly determines the Distribution and Structure of Ecosystems
Temperature and precipitation in addition with physical geographic features determine the structure of terrestrial Biomes

34. Introduction to The Tropics
Tropics are the location of many biodiversity hotspots because of their unique structure and history that resulted in species diversity.
50% of the worlds species are found in the tropical rainforests.

35. Tropical Rainforests as Hotspots
There are 3 main regions of tropical rainforests
1)The Americas
2)Africa
3)Australasia
The Conservation International has established global hotspots.
An interactive map can be found here:

36. Biodiversity is not limited to animal species but plant species as well.
Tropical Rainforests are comprised of species of trees pre hectare. And few trees are common, while many are rare
The Tropical Rainforests have increased faunal diversity and density

37. Effects of Faunal Groups
Direct contribution to species richness
Indirect effects on plant and animal diversity
Contribute substantially to total biodiversity of Rainforests
Contribute irreplaceable services such as seed dispersal, seed predation, and seed pollination
In summary, the faunal composition effects how ecosystems function

38. Like faunal groups effect Tropical Rainforests, marine ecosystems are affected by Coral Reefs

39. Coral Reefs are among the most Diverse Ecosystem
Coral Reefs are the richest in species of any marine environment
Coral Reefs are the keystone species of the marine environment
Note a keystone species is a species whose presence has a disproportionate effect on the ecosystem and contributes to the diversity of the ecosystem. Without this species, there is a direct correlation to extinction in other species

40. Coral Reefs, The Hotspot
Coral Reefs only comprise 0.2% of the Earth’s Ocean Surface and they almost exclusively occur within the Tropics
Abundance and Distribution is strongly affected by temperature
The Current Distribution of Coral Reefs is shown to the right.
-Caribbean
-Coast of Central America
-Indo-Pacific Waters
-East Coast of Australia

41. 5 Threats Habitat loss and fragmentation Direct taking of species
Invasive species
Changes in physical and chemical environment
Change in natural process: fire, flood, predation

42. Biodiversity is Effected by Several Biotic and Abiotic Factors, but the Greatest Threat to Biodiversity is Human Impact

43. THE GREATEST THREAT