1. Animal Fodder-1

2. Roughages
Roughages are plant material in a fresh dried or ensiled state which are bulky and fibrous in nature and normally contain higher percentage of crude fibre more than 18%. There are two types of roughages.
Green Roughages
Dry Roughages
Concentrates

3. Green roughages Higher in moisture content Easily digestible
Legume species- higher protein content
Non-leguminous –low in protein content
Green fodder Rabi and Kharif grown in Pakistan
Rabbi-winter Fodders: Berseem, Oats, Barley, Mustard/rape, sugarcane.
Kharif – Maize, sorghum, Millet, Mung, cow pea, Guar, sugar beet top

4. Grasses Elephant grasses Sudan grasses Rye grasses Para grasses
Rangeland
Fodder source include by products of some cash crops such as sugarcane top and sugar beet top.(medium type fodder)
Different tree leaves used as fodder high in protein 10-22% and highly digestible.

5. Dry Roughages Hays, straws, stovers, and hulls.
Hay is prepared by harvesting green forage during growing season and preserving it by drying for subsequent use during fodder scarcity periods.
Hay is prepared from sorghum,millets, oats, grasses.
Hay is considered good quality roughages.

6. Dry roughages Straws and stovers are mature dried plant.
Consist of stem and leaves
They are also referred as crop residues.
Wheat straw is always feed to cattle and buffalo throught a year.
Fodder scarcity periods
Wheat straw, rice straw,barley straw, chick pea straw, moth and mung straw, soyabean straw,

7. Dry roughages Maize stover, sorghum stover,
Straws and stovers are low in protein, high in fibre, less digestible, low in minerals and can not consumed in large quantities.
They are classified as poor quality roughages.
Feeding quality of stover is better than straws.
Hulls are the outer hard covering of grains obtained as by product during seed processing.

8. Dry roughages Cotton seed hulls are commonly used.
Seeds broken in processing are mixed with hulls and increase nutritive value of hulls.
Rice hulls are abundantly available, but are extremely of poor quality.

9. Concentrates
Feeds are high energy-protein , low in fibre and highly digestible.
Cereal grain
Wheat bran
Rice polishing
Molasses-sugarcane and sugarbeet molasses
Sugar beet pulp

10. Concentrates
Plant sources: Oil seed cake- cotton seed cake, mustard seed, maize oil, sunflower,
Oils seed meal- cottonseed, soyabean, guar, maize gluten
Maize gluten feed
Maize gluten meal
Animal source- Blood meal, Fish meal, Meat meal, Feather meal

11. Concentrates Grains-whole, crushed, ground
Cereal grain by products- rice polishing, maize bran, wheat bran
Rice polishing are used in monogastric animals.
Used in ruminant feed
Molasses- by product of sugar industry
Used as free lick

12. Concentrates/Molasses
It increase palatability.
Consumption of poor quality roughhages
Fats and oils contains 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates.
Vegetable oil litre on weekly basis or monthly
Oil cakes- when oil from seed is extracted
Oil meal-by products of solvant extraction process
Oil cake are low in protein and high in residual fat.

13. Concentrates Cotton seed cake Mustard/rape seed cake
MSC- glucosides toxic to both ruminants and non-ruminants
Young and pregnant animals are sensitive to glucosides.
Cotton seed cake and cotton seed meal –gossypol which inhibits the action of some gastric enzymes

14. Sorghum/ Jawar

15. Sorghum/Jawar

16. Maize Plant

17. Maize/corn cob

18. Maize Stover

19. Berseem

20. Berseem

21. Oats

22. Lucerne-Alfaalfa

23. Brassica/mustard plant

24. Cowpea/LOBEA

25. Millets-bajra

26. Guar

27. Mott grass

28. Rye grasses

29. Sudangrass

30. Elephant grass

31. sugarcane

32. Sugar beet top

33. rangeland

34. Cotton Plant

35. Cotton seed cake

36. Mustard seed cake

37. Maize oil cake

38. Molasses