1. The Sensory Organs

2. The Sensory Organs
The nervous system receives information about the outside world from the sensory organs:
The Nose (smell – scents/odours)
The Tongue (taste – tastes)
The Ear (hearing – sound waves)
The Skin (touch – pressure, temperature, pain)
The Eye (vision – light, color)

3. 1 - The Nose
The nose contains olfactory receptors that detect a variety of odours, then send a nerve impulse to the brain along the olfactory nerve

4. The Nose

5. The Nose Olfactory Epithelium
Small, (5 cm²), location where the nerve cells related to smell are found.
Olfactory Bulb
Located above the nasal cavity, this bulb transmits odour information into nerve impulses.
Olfactory Nerve
Nerve responsible for the transmission of odour nerve impulses to the brain.

6. 2 - The Tongue
The tongue reacts to four tastes (bitter, sour, salty, sweet)
The taste buds respond to a taste and then send a nerve impulse to the brain along sensory nerves

7. The Tongue The tongue is a sensory receptor related to taste.
The tongue is covered in papillae, (one papilla), and within each are the taste buds.
There are three nerves that carry nerve impulses created by the taste buds to the brain.
There are 5 tastes that humans can detect:
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami.

8. The Tongue

9. How The Tongue Works
All taste buds experience all five tastes, regardless of their position on the tongue.
Taste and smell work together. The taste itself only accounts for about 10% of the taste experience. This is because the smell of food often helps us to identify what we are eating.
Other tongue receptors distinguish temperature, discomfort, (prickly feeling), and the textures of foods.

10. 3 - The Ear The ear responds to sound waves from the outside world
Sound waves are generated by the vibration of objects
Sound waves have the ability to travel through matter, though some insulating materials will absorb sound waves
The ears pick up sounds and convert them into nerve impulses.

11. Sound Waves A sound wave has certain characteristics:
Frequency (or pitch): the number of cycles or waves per second crossing a given point (the human ear can detect between 16 cycles per second and cycles per second)
Wavelength: the length from one crest to another of a wave
Amplitude: the loudness of the wave
Amplitude is commonly measured in decibels (named for Alexander Graham Bell)

12. Sound Waves – Amplitude & Wavelength

13. Sound Waves - Frequency

14. Sound Waves – Decibel Scale
Source
Intensity Level
Threshold of Hearing (TOH)
0 dB
Rustling Leaves
10 dB
Whisper
20 dB
Normal Conversation
60 dB
Busy Street Traffic
70 dB
Vacuum Cleaner
80 dB
Large Orchestra
98 dB
Walkman at Maximum Level
100 dB
Front Rows of Rock Concert
110 dB
Threshold of Pain
130 dB
Military Jet Takeoff
140 dB
Instant Perforation of Eardrum
160 dB

15. Above 120 dB – instant damage
112 dB – 1 minute to damage
100 dB - 15 minutes to damage
97 dB – 30 minutes to damage
85 dB - 8 hours to damage

16. Anatomy of the Ear The ear is divided into three major sections:
The Outer Ear
The Middle Ear
The Inner Ear

17. The Ear

18. The Parts of the Ear Structure Description Outer Ear Pinna
The visible part of your ear. It is funnel shaped so as to pick up sound vibrations from the air.
Auditory Canal
Slightly curved, 2.5 cm long Canal that carries sound vibrations to the eardum. It is lined with hairs and sebaceous glands that produce wax, preventing debris from entering the ear.
Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
The eardrum. It is a thin, flexible membrane that moves to the rhythm of sound vibrations.
Ossicles, (bones)
Miniature bones located in the temporal bone. The three, the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup, move in relation to one another.
Eustachian Tube
Canal that links the middle ear to the pharynx. It equalizes pressure on either side of the eardrum during swallowing.
The Parts of the Ear

19. Structure
Description
Inner Ear
Semi-Circular Tubes
Canals that are filled with liquid. They regulate balance when the body is in motion and are linked to the vestibular nerve.
Vestibule
Liquid-filled structure that links the semi-circular canals to the cochlea. Plays a role in balancing the body when not in motion and is also linked to the vestibular nerve.
Cochlea
Liquid-filled structure whose walls are covered with auditory neurons and are linked to the auditory nerve. This is where sounds get transmitted from neurons to send to the brain.

20. The Outer Ear The Auricle The Auditory Canal
The visible part of the ear
Receives and filters sound waves and directs them to the auditory (ear) canal
The Auditory Canal
A tube lined with fine hairs and glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Carries sound waves to the ear drum

21. The Middle Ear The Ear Drum The Ossicles The Eustachian tube
A thin membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves
The Ossicles
Three small bones (the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup) that vibrate in response to the vibration of the ear drum
They sometimes amplify the vibrations
The Eustachian tube
A tube connecting the ear to the pharynx (throat)
Important to balance the air pressure on both sides of the ear drum

22. The Inner Ear The Semi-Circular canals The Cochlea
Fluid-filled canals that provide information to the cerebellum about the position and movement of the head
The Cochlea
Receives and transforms the vibrations coming from ossicles into a nerve impulse to be sent to the cerebrum

23. Nerves of the Ear The Vestibular Nerve The Auditory Nerve
Carries the nerve impulse from the semi-circular canals to the cerebellum to help with balance
The Auditory Nerve
Carries the nerve impulse from the cochlea to the cerebrum to allow us to hear

24. How the Ears Work
Sounds are created by vibrations in the air. Sound waves cause changes in the air pressure surrounding us, creating sound waves that our ears can pick up.
Sound waves are channeled by the pinna and sent down the auditory canal until they reach the cochlea.
In the cochlea, the sound vibrations are transformed into nerve impulses and sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
In the brain, these nerve impulses are analyzed, causing us to hear.

25. How the Ears Work THE PATH OF SOUND
Sound vibrations reach the eardrum, causing it to vibrate.
This sets the ossicles in motion. The stirrup transmits the vibrations to the vestibular canal.
After passing this canal, vibrations are sent to the cochlea, which transmits the vibrations into nerve impulses.
Nerve impulses travel via the auditory nerve to the brain.

26. The Ear – Another Role
The ear also plays an important role in our balance.
The ossicles, (hammer, anvil and stirrup), are each responsible for knowing when our heads are tilting, moving from side to side, or up and down.
The ossicles are activated by the small hairs that they have. When the fluid within them moves, it activates the hair cells.
They can then situate our bodies by sending nerve impulses from the vestibular nerve to the brain.
This is why we know where we are in space, and why we don’t fall down when we walk, dance, play sports, etc…

27. 4 - The Skin The skin is the sensory organ associated with touch.
This is the bodies largest organ, as it covers the entire surface of the body.
Skin has three distinct layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis.

28. The Skin

29. The Skin Epidermis Dead Layer
Structures
Description
Epidermis
Dead Layer
Outer skin layer. Atmospheric pressure causes these skin cells to die.
Living Layer
Layer of constantly dividing cells, (mitosis). New cells push older cells to the surface.
Dermis
Sensory Receptors
Structures that pick up stimuli, (pressure, heat/cold).
Blood Vessels
Vessels that nourish the skin cells with oxygen and nutrients.
Sebaceous Glands
Glands that secrete sebum, and oily substance that keeps skin waterproof.
Sweat Glands
Glands that produce sweat, carried to the skin surface through pores.
Hair
Arise from the dermis and protrude out of the skin.
Hypodermis
Fat Cells
Layer of fat-containing cells that act as an energy reserve and insulators.

30. How The Skin Works
The sensory receptors, (neurons), in the skin allow us to experience:
Tactile sensations, (touch, pressure).
Thermal sensations, (heat and cold).
Painful sensations
The nerve endings in the skin are either free or protected and each one is responsible for different stimuli.
The different sensory receptors are not equally spread out in the body. This is why parts of our bodies experience more pain than others, and why some are more sensitive to cold.

32. 5 - The Eye The eye is the sensory organ related to vision.
It detects light variations, colours, and can adapt to light intensity.
Normal eyes can differentiate 2,000 colours.

33. The Eye

34. The Parts of the Eye Sclera
Rigid, opaque membrane of the eye.   Protects the eye from shock and gives it shape.  The white part.
Choroid
Middle layer of the eye.  Blood vessels connect here to nourish the eye.
Retina
Innermost layer at the back of the eye.  Covered in millions of light-sensitive nerve cells that transform incoming data into nerve impulses.  
Cornea
Clear and rigid membrane that is an extension of the sclera
Iris
The extension of the choroid.  This membrane is pigmented, giving eyes colour.  There is an opening that regulates the amount of light entering.
Lens
Flattened sphere that focuses light information on the retina.  The part we can see is the pupil.
Aqueous humour
Transparent liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens.
Vitreous humour
Transparent jelly-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina.

35. How the Eye Works
The lens of the eye works similar to a camera lens.  It can adjust its size so as to see things at different distances.  
When objects are at a distance, the lens flattens.  When they are up close, the lens is rounded.
Once colours and light enter the eye, the retina converts the information into nerve impulses, and sends it from neuron to neuron until it reaches the brain.
Information is sent from the optic nerve, ultimately to the brain.
The brain analyzes the information and allows us to make judgements on the colours that we see, the distances of things, their shapes and their relative sizes.

36. How the Eye Works

37. How the Eye Works
Nerve cells on the retina convert light and colours into nerve impulses.
Some of the nerve cells are called cones.
Only able to distinguish colours.
Other nerve cells are called rods.
Only distinguish variations in light intensity.
Nerve impulses from the retina are transmitted through the optic nerve and sent to the brain. The brain superimposes the images from each eye into one image that we see.