1. Exercise 44
Urinalysis

2. Characteristics of the urine
Color
Pale yellow to amber
Urochrome pigment from the destruction of hemoglobin
Transparency
Clear
Normal change in the color
Foods, medications, etc

3. Characteristics of the urine
Odor
Subtle fresh urine – characteristic
Ammonia-like in standing urine

4. Characteristics of the urinepH
Acid ash foods
Proteins, whole wheat
Alkaline ash foods
Vegetables
Bacterial infections
Increases the alkalinity of the urine

5. Characteristics of the urine
Specific gravity
It is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
Urine:
<1.001=highly diluted urine
>1.03=highly concentrated urine

6. Characteristics of the urine
Diluted urine
Diuretics
Diabetes insipidus
Excessive water drinking
Concentrated urine
Pyelonephritis
Limited fluid intake
Dehydration

7. Characteristics of the urine
Renal calculi
Caused by the precipitation and crystallization of the solutes of the urine

8. Characteristics of the urine
Normal constituents
Water
Sodium, potassium
Phosphates and sulfates
Nitrogen wastes: creatinine, urea, uric acid
Calcium,
Urobilinogen,etc

9. Abnormal urinary constituents
Glucose
Glycosuria
Diabetes mellitus
Albumin
“Physiological” albuminuria
Pregnancy
Excessive exercise

10. Abnormal urinary constituents
Pathological albuminuria
Hypertension
Kidney trauma
Ingestion of heavy metals
Glomerulonephritis, etc

11. Abnormal urinary constituents
Ketone bodies - Traces are normal
Acetone
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Acetoacetic acid
Ketonuria
Excessive fat metabolism, diabetes mellitus, starvation, low carbohydrate diets,
It causes acidosis

12. Abnormal urinary constituents
Red blood cells
Hematuria
Calculi, urinary infections, trauma
False hematuria
menstruation

13. Abnormal urinary constituents
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobinuria
Hemolytic anemia
Blood transfusion reactions
Burns
Renal diseases

14. Abnormal urinary constituents
Nitrites
May indicated bacterial infection mainly gram-negatives rods
Bile pigments
Bilirubinuria
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage

15. Abnormal urinary constituents
Urobilinogen is abnormal if:
Complete absence
Renal disease
Obstruction of bile flow in the liver
Increased levels
Hepatitis A
Cirrhosis, etc

16. Abnormal urinary constituents
White blood cells
Pyuria
Urinary infection
Casts
Are hardened cell fragments
Pathologic

17. Abnormal urinary constituents
Hyaline casts
Formed by the denaturation of mucoproteins secreted by the tubules
Slow filtrate rate
Low urine pH
High urine salt content

18. Abnormal urinary constituents
RBC casts
Glomerulonephrites
WBC casts
Pyelonephrites
Waxy casts
Degeneration of the renal tubule cells
End stage of renal disease