1. Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

5. Perception brings meaning to sensation, so perception produces an interpretation of the external world, not a perfect representation of it

6. Percept
The meaning our brain gives to a specific sensation, based on our experiences.

7. The images are exactly the same except for the thick black area in the right image (an example of the Poggendorff illusion (1860)). In the figure on the right, there appear to be two continuous diagonal lines: a red and a blue line. What occurs in your visual system that could account for the appearance of the continuous diagonal lines?

8. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing
Bottom-up processing – Analysis that emphasizes characteristics of the stimulus, rather than internal concepts
Top-down processing – Emphasizes perceiver's expectations, memories, and other cognitive factors

10. Perceptual Constancies
Perceptual constancy – Ability to recognize the same object under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distance, or location

12. Perceptual Ambiguity and Distortion
Illusions – Demonstrably incorrect experience of a stimulus pattern, shared by others in the same perceptual environment
Ambiguous figures – Images that are capable of more than one interpretation

28. Visual Capture
The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.

29. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means “an organized whole”
These psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

31. Closure – Tendency to fill in gaps

32. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Philosophy
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

33. Figure-Ground Relationship
The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

34. Figure/Ground

35. Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups that we understand

38. Which circle in the middle is bigger?

39. Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional.
Allows us to judge distance.

40. Which Monster is Bigger?

47. Visual Cliff

49. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006
Law of Prägnanz A
BIRD
IN THE
THE HAND
We perceive the thing that requires the least amount of mental effort
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006

51. How do we transform two-dimensional objects to three-dimensional perception?
Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes
Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye

52. Binocular Cues Retinal Disparity: a binocular cue for seeing depth.
The closer an object comes to you the greater the disparity is between the two images.
Pen together two eyes- try with one

53. Monocular Cues
Interposition: if something is blocking our view, we perceive it as closer.
Relative Size: if we know that two objects are similar in size, the one that looks smaller is farther away.
Relative Clarity: we assume hazy objects are farther away.

54. More Monocular Cues
Texture Gradient: the coarser it looks the closer it is.
Relative Height: things higher in our field of vision, they look farther away
Relative Motion: things that are closer appear to move more quickly.
Liner Perspective: Parallel lines seem to converge with distance.
Light and Shadow: Dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light.

55. Motion Perception We perceive motion incredible well.
We judge mostly by the size of the object.
Think about how cartoons work.

56. Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

57. Learning-Based inference
Perception is based primarily by experience, rather than innate factors

58. Perceptual Set
Perceiving a stimulus in a given context, such as a noise when you are scared.

59. YOU LOOK LIKE A MORON