1. Foundations of Individual Behavior

2. Individual Behaviour Biographical characteristics Types of ability
Shape the behavior of others
Examine four schedules of reinforcement
Clarify the role of punishment in learning

3. Biographical Characteristics
Age

4. Biographical Characteristics
Gender

5. Biographical Characteristics
Marital Status

6. Biographical Characteristics
Tenure

7. Intellectual Abilities
Number aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Memory ability

8. Basic Physical Abilities
Strength
Factors
Other
Factors
Flexibility
Factors

9. The Ability-Job Fit
Abilities of the employee
Requirements of the job

10. Classical Conditioning

12. Social Learning Theory
Learn by observing others and through direct experiences
Models have influence when the following processes occur:
Attentional
Recognize
Retention
Remember
Motor Reproduction Do
Reinforcement
Get rewarded

13. Methods of Shaping Behavior
Negative
Reinforcement
Positive
Methods of
Shaping Behavior
Extinction
Punishment

14. Types of Reinforcement
Continuous
Intermittent
Reinforces desired
behavior often
enough to make
behavior worth
repeating
Reinforces desired
behavior every time

15. Horse walk…….
Akbar’s Handicap horse

16. Schedules of Reinforcement
Interval
Ratio
Fixed-
Interval
Fixed-
Ratio
Fixed
Variable-
Ratio
Variable-
Interval
Variable

17. Behavior Modification
Critical behaviors
Baseline data
Behavioral consequences
Intervention strategy
Performance improvement

18. Organizational Applications
Lotteries to reduce absenteeism
Well pay versus sick pay
Training programs
Mentoring programs

19. Individual Behaviour
Perception

20. Factors That Can Influence Perception
The
Situation
Perceiver
Target

21. Old Lady December in Pune is always very cold.
Old women need to wear Sweater.
A little cute girl.

25. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our personal world has stability.
1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience.
2. We seek some consistency in our world.
3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances.
4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability.

26. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our perceptual world is meaningful
1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time.
2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another.

27. PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES: Our perceptual world is meaningful
3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process
a) Cultural expectations b) Motivation c) Mood d) Attitude
4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful are:
a) Past experience b) Language c) Goals for the future

28. Person perception,
the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways.

29. Special features of person perception
The two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of “caused” behavior.