1. Unit 1: Exploration & Colonization
Lesson 1.2: The Age of Exploration
Unit 1: Exploration & Colonization

2. Essential Question
How did exploration and colonization impact the early formation of the Americas?

3. Launching the Exploration Movement
In 1095, Pope Urban II called to Christians to defend and free all Christian holy places in the Middle East.
These Crusades brought the European population into contact with the Arab civilizations of the Middle East.
Europeans were able to buy luxury goods from Arab traders such as silk, sugar, spices, etc.
The Crusades allowed the city-states of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa to become wealthy by transporting goods and charging high prices for them.

4. Four states emerged: Portugal, Spain, England, and France.
Prior to 1400, Europeans did not have the technology or wealth to allow them to explore new lands.
Because of the rising merchant class & towns in the 1400s, monarchs in Western Europe had a new source of wealth they could tax. This would allow them to fund explorations.
Four states emerged: Portugal, Spain, England, and France.
Goal: To find new trade routes to Asia.

5. At the same time, a new intellectual revolution was occurring in Europe known as the Renaissance.
Flourishing from around , the Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic ideals and interest in Ancient Rome and Greece. It also triggered a scientific revolution.

6. Assessment Prompt 1
Describe the impact these events had. How did they accelerate exploration?

7. What motivated exploration?
God
Pope Urban II called for the freeing of Christian holy places in the Arab Middle East.
This interaction increased trading between Europeans and Arab merchants.
Glory
Countries competed with each other in terms of trade and territory.
The more trade, the richer the nations/the more territory, the more powerful.
Gold
Countries wanted to get the following items:
Silk
Spices
Sugar
Melons, tapestries etc.
Countries began to explore in order to find these items, instead of paying high prices to trade them.

8. What new technologies allowed for exploration?
Magnetic Compass
Invented by the Chinese. By using a lodestone the compass would always point to magnetic north.
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to tell where they were. It was used to show latitude. It was invented by the Ancient Greeks and used the sun to determine direction, latitude, and local time.

9. Improvements in ship making
Cartography
The art & science of representing a geographical area on a chart or map. Cartography is an ancient tradition that dates back to prehistoric time.
Improvements in ship making
The caravel – a ship designed to make long voyages. It used triangular sails which made it more maneuverable than previous ships. Triangular sails made it possible to sail against the wind.

10. The First Explorers Prince Henry of Portugal aka Henry the Navigator
1419: Established a center for astronomical and geographical studies in Sagres, Portugal.
Here ship builders, astronomers, and mapmakers could work together to plan voyages.
The goal was still to find the elusive trade route to Asia!!!

11. Assessment Prompt 2
In 20 words or less, describe the significance of Prince Henry in terms of exploration/colonization.

12. Bartolomeu Dias
Portugal
1488: his ships reached the southern tip of Africa.
Vasco de Gama
1498: four ships left Portugal, rounded the tip of Africa, and reached the southwestern coast of India.
Christopher Columbus
Italian mariner sailing under a Spanish flag.
Left Spain in August of 1492 and reached the Bahamas by October. Later traveled farther west to Cuba and Hispaniola.

13. Effects of Exploration
The rise of exploration by European nations created conflict over who controlled which trade routes.
In order to resolve their issues, Spain and Portugal appealed to the pope.
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI established the demarcation line.
This was an imaginary line running north to south through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
Everything west of the line was under Spanish control.
Everything east of the line was under Portuguese control.

14. 1494: the demarcation line was approved by both countries under the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Portugal was given control of the trade route around Africa to India.
Spain was given control of most of the Americas.

15. Triangular Trade: a three-way trade route for exchanging good between American colonies and two other trading partners (generally Africa and western Europe).
Middle Passage: one leg of the Triangular Trade route in which Africans who had been enslaved were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to work in the newly founded colonies as slaves.
Most of those people enslaved had been captured during war between African tribes. They would be sold to Arab traders for horses, cotton, and other goods.

16. The Columbian Exchange was a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the Old and New worlds.
Europe gave the Americas:
Sugar cane
Grains
Coffee
Citrus fruit
Honey bees
Cattle
Pigs
Horses ***
Disease***
The Americas gave Europe:
Peppers
Corn
Cocoa
Beans
Tobacco **
Squash and pumpkins
Tomatoes
Peanuts
Potatoes
Disease ***

17. Assessment Prompt 2
Using what you have learned so far, what effect do you believe exploration would have on the Native Americans?
Why would the establishment of colonies be considered an effect of exploration? (Think in terms of the three G’s).

18. Assignment Honors: Columbus’s Journal & Columbus’s Journal Worksheet
Regular: The Columbian Exchange Activity Worksheet
This is due by the tardy bell tomorrow. If it is not in the basket by the bell, IT IS LATE 