1. The History of Health Care
Principles of Health Science

3. Ancient Times
Early human beings had no electricity, few tools, and poor shelter.
Their time was spent protecting themselves against predators and finding food.
They were superstitious and believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits.
In an attempt to heal, tribal doctors (Shaman) performed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits.

4. Superstitions Superstition – trusting in magic or chance
What are some superstitions you have or have heard of?

5. Superstitions A bird in the house is a sign of a death.
If a black cat walks towards you, it brings good fortune, but if it walks away, it takes the good luck with it.
It's good luck to find a four-leaf clover.
Step on a crack, break your mother's back.
Friday the 13th
It is bad luck to walk under a ladder.
Penny heads up means good luck.
Rabbits foot brings good luck.
Breaking a mirror means 7 years bad luck.
Opening an umbrella inside is bad luck.

6. Superstitions/Myths Medical Superstitions
If you catch a falling leaf on the first day of autumn you will not catch a cold all winter.
People generally die at the same age as their parents.
Men have one less rib than women.
Handling toads can cause warts on your skin.
Health is determined by the stars under which you are born.
Plants in a sick room or bedroom will use up all the oxygen.

7. Ancient Times Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples:
Digitalis from foxglove plants
Then, leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart
Now, administered by pills, IV, or injections

8. Ancient Times Quinine from bark of cinchona tree
Controls fever and muscle spasms
Used to treat malaria

9. Ancient Times Belladonna and atropine from poisonous nightshade plant
relieves muscle spasms especially GI
Morphine from opium poppy
relieves severe pain

10. Insert Box 1-1: currently available name-brand products that list some old remedies as ingredients.

11. Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious
Called upon gods
Identified certain diseases
Pharaohs kept many specialists

12. Egyptians Priests were the doctors
Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals
Only the priests could read the medical knowledge

13. Egyptians Magicians were also healers Believed demons caused disease
Prescriptions were written on papyrus

14. Egyptians Embalming Done by special priests
(NOT the doctor priests)
Advanced the knowledge of anatomy
Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay
Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze

15. Egyptians Research on mummies has revealed the existence of diseases
Arthritis
Kidney stones
Arteriosclerosis

16. Egyptians Some medical practices still used today Enemas
Closing wounds
Setting fractures

17. Egyptians Eye of Horus 5000 years ago Magic eye
amulet to guard against disease, suffering, and evil
History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored
Evolved into modern day Rx sign

18. Egyptians -Dental
Many excavations around the Egyptian pyramids have shown that the Egyptians paid great attention to teeth cleaning.
. Also, many prescriptions that were used by the ancient Egyptians to strengthen their teeth and stop toothache have been discovered during the excavations.
The following prescription is an example of what the Egyptians used to strengthen their teeth:    • One measure of ground rock salt    • One measure of red ochre    • One measure of honey These measures were mixed well and the mixture was applied to the teeth under pressure.
Many other prescriptions were used by the ancient Egyptians for the relief of the inflammation of gum (gingivitis), tooth erosion, inflammation of the pulp (pulpitis) and relief of toothache. Some

19. Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases
Research helped eliminate superstitions
Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease

20. Greek Medicine Hippocrates no dissection, only observations
took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases
disease was not caused by supernatural forces
Father of Medicine
wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics
Invented toothpaste

21. Greek Medicine Aesculapius staff and serpent symbol of medicine
temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals

22. Roman Medicine
Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system
Aqueducts and
sewers
Public baths
Beginning of public health

23. Roman Medicine First to organize medical care
Sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers.
Roman physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill.
This was the beginning of hospitals.
Public buildings for the care of the sick were established.
Physicians were paid by the Roman government.
Roman physicians wore a “death mask” – had a spice filled beak, which the Romans believed protected them from infection and bad odors.
Public Hygiene

24. Roman Medicine
Aulus Cornelius Celsus is considered one of the most important contributors to medicine and scientific thought during the Roman Empire.
Considered the 1st dental surgeon “Keeper of the Teeth”
Achievements=plastic surgery etc

25. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
When the Roman Empire was conquered, the study of medical science stopped.
Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
life and death in God’s hands

26. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
Terrible epidemics
Bubonic plague (Black Death)
Small pox
Diphtheria
Syphilis
Measles
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis

27. Dark Ages (400 –800 A.D.) Middle Ages (800-1400 A. D.)
Crusades lead to spread disease
Cities became common
Special officers to deal with sanitary problems
Realization that diseases are contagious
Quarantine laws passed

28. The Renaissance AD 1350-1650 Considered to be the rebirth of learning
New developments included:
The building of universities and medical schools for research
The search for new ideas about disease rather than the unquestioning acceptance of disease as the will of God
The acceptance of dissection of the body for study
The development of the printing press and the publishing of books
allowed greater access to knowledge from research
These changes influenced the future of medical science.

29. 16th & 17th Century Leonardo da Vinci anatomy of the body
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
invented microscope
observed microorganisms

30. 16th & 17th Century William Harvey Bartholomew Eustachus
circulation of blood
Bartholomew Eustachus
discovered the eustachian tube
The first pharmacies were started
Some quackery

32. 18th Century Edward Jenner 1796 smallpox vaccination Joseph Priestly
discovered oxygen

33. 18th Century Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
found that colds could be passed from person to person
Laennec
invented the stethoscope

34. 19th & 20th Century Ignaz Semmelweiss Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)
identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing
Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)
discovered that microorganisms cause disease (germ theory of communicable disease)
Florence Nightingale ( ) Founder of nursing

35. 19th & 20th Century Robert Koch Father of Microbiology
Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered X-rays
Anesthesia discovered
nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform

36. 19th & 20th Century Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin Jonas Salk
discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio
Alfred Sabin
discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity

37. 1900 to 1945 The first medical school established (1839) in America
Founded in Baltimore
Also included dental surgery

38. 1900 to 1945
Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria, TB, rheumatic fever)
No antibiotics, DDT for mosquitoes, rest for TB, water sanitation to help stop spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria vaccination
Hospitals were places to die
Most doctors were general practitioners

39. 1945 to 1975 Immunization common antibiotic cures safer surgery
Transplants
increased lifespan
chronic degenerative diseases
Discovery of DNA (1950s)
DNA- began the search for gene therapy to sure inherited diseases.

40. 1945 to 1975 new health hazards obesity neuroses lung cancer
Hypertension
greatly increasing medical costs
Neuroses=mental disorders= OCD- intrusive, repetitive, and distrubing thoughts. Hysteria=feelings of fear or emotions cannot handle
Phobias=strong fear of s[ecific objects, situations

41. 1975 to Present Artificial parts Drug resistant organisms
Bioengineering
Cloning
Bioethical issues
AIDS
Etc.

42. Potential for 21st Century
Cure for AIDS, cancer and heart disease
Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited disease
Development of ways to slow the aging process
Transplants of every organ including the brain
Antibiotics that do not allow pathogens to develop resistance.