1. The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Judaism
&
The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Arizona School for the Arts
Andrea Kolich

2. Pop Quiz-BGS
1. Who are the 2 main characters in the book? Describe them. (4)
2. What event happens at the beginning of the book? Where does it happen and who is involved? (6)
3. What are the two different settings? How are the similar? How are they different? (6)
4. What events inspire hope in the characters? (2)
5. What events lead to despair? (2)

3. Origins of Judaism The Big Idea
The Hebrews formed a great kingdom in Israel and started a religion called Judaism.
Main Ideas
The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan and ended when the Romans forced them out of Israel.
Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor their society.
Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and principles of Judaism.
Traditions and holy days celebrate the history and religion of the Jewish people.

4. The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan and ended when the Romans forced them out of Israel.
Accounts written by Hebrew scribes describe their early history and the laws of Judaism, the Hebrews’ religion.
Hebrews under Abraham settled in Canaan about 2100 BC.
Some Hebrews later moved to Egypt, where they were enslaved.
About 1200 BC Moses led his people in a journey out of Egypt called the Exodus.
Many years later Israel was divided into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah.
Both kingdoms fell to invaders by 586 BC, and the Jews were scattered outside of Israel and Judah in the Diaspora.
Some Jews returned, but were eventually conquered by the Romans who killed, enslaved, or drove away much of the Jewish population.

5. Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor their society.
The belief in one and only one God is called monotheism.
The Jews believed they were God’s chosen people.
One God
Kindness and fairness in dealing with all other people
Justice
Righteousness
Doing what is proper
Most important are the Ten Commandments
Mosaic law, recorded by Moses, guides many areas of Jews’ daily lives.
Law

6. Ten Commandments What are some of the ten commandments?
How did you learn about them?

7. Main Idea 3: Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and principles of Judaism.
Torah
Most sacred text of Judaism
Five books containing most of the ancient Jewish laws
Also contains history of the Jewish people until the death of Moses
Hebrew Bible
Also called the Tanach
First part: Torah
Second part: Eight books of messages of the Hebrew prophets
Third part: Eleven books of poetry, songs, stories, lessons, and history, with Psalms and Proverbs
Talmud
Explanations of the Torah and laws by scholars and rabbis, or religious teachers
Especially the Talmud, produced between AD 200 and 600
Talmud describes Jewish law, ethics, customs, history & lore

8. Vocabulary Places of worship for Jewish people are called synagogues
Rabbi- a religious leader/teacher who can make decision on Jewish law
Oversees the congregation and leads the worship services

9. Pair Share What are some Jewish Holidays you know of?
Do you think Jewish people celebrate Christmas or Easter?

10. Jewish Holy Days Hanukkah (December)
Ancient Jews celebrating a victory witnessed lamp oil for one day miraculously burn for eight full days.
Today Jews light candles on eight-armed menorahs and exchange gifts to celebrate the event.
Passover (March or April)
Celebrates the Exodus from Egypt
High Holy Days (September or October)
Rosh Hashanah: start of a new year in the Jewish calendar
Yom Kippur: Jews ask God to forgive their sins.

11. Culture and Rural Settlements
The Sabbath, from sunset Friday until sundown Saturday, is a holy day for Jews. Yom Kippur is celebrated in the fall. Passover, in the spring, celebrates the Hebrews’ escape from captivity in ancient Egypt.
Because Judaism is a way of life, religious laws address every aspect of daily life, including what Jews should eat. Kosher, which means “proper” in Hebrew, is the term used to refer to Jewish dietary laws.
About 100,000 Israeli Jews live in more than 250 rural settlements. Each settlement, or kibbutz, is a large farm where people share everything in common.

12. Pair Share What does it mean to keep Kosher?
Do you know any families who keep kosher?
What other religions have dietary restrictions?

13. As a people, Jews are… A nation in Diaspora (dispersed)
15 – 16 million in worldwide population
United by a common heritage (an “ethnic” religion), divided in contemporary practice:
Orthodox:
Modern
Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox)
Reformed (18th century Germany)
Conservative – moderates, response to reform
Reconstructionalism (20th century America)

14. Main Idea 1: Israel’s history includes the ancient Hebrews and the creation of the nation of Israel.
Israel is often referred to as the Holy Land because it is home to sacred sites for three of the world’s major religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
The Hebrews founded the kingdom of Israel 3,000 years ago.
In the 60s BC the Roman Empire conquered the region and forced Jews to leave the region in a scattering known as the Diaspora.
Renamed Palestine by Rome, Muslims conquered the area in the mid-600s.
From the late 1000s to the 1200s European Christians invaded Palestine in the Crusades, capturing Jerusalem in 1099.
In time the Crusaders were pushed out and Palestine became part of the Ottoman Empire.
After World War I it came under British control.

15. Main Idea 3: The Palestinian Territories are areas within Israel controlled partly by Palestinian Arabs.
Gaza
Small crowded piece of coastal land
Almost no resources
More than a million Palestinians
Unemployment is a major problem and many travel to Israel each day to work.
West Bank
Population of about 2.4 million
Economy based on agriculture
Thousands of Jews have moved into settlements there.
Palestinians consider the Jewish settlements an invasion of their land; this is a source of great tension and violence.
East Jerusalem
Areas of the city are divided into Jewish, Muslim, and Christian neighborhoods.
Palestinians claim as capital
Annexed by Israel in 1980

16. The story of Abraham Abram lived in Iraq.
Abraham had visions from God.
Three Covenants’ between Abraham and God are mentioned in Genesis 12:1-3.
To make of Abraham a great nation and to bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham.
To give Abraham's descendants all the land from the river (or wadi) of Egypt to the Euphrates.[Gen 15:18–21] Later, this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land or the Land of Israel, however the land specified by the Abrahamic covenant also includes the modern nations of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, UAE, and several other nations in the Middle East.
To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give "the whole land of Canaan" to his descendants.[Gen 17:2–9]

17. Jewish Diaspora

18. Zionism
GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.
Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.
Theodore Herzl

19. First Zionist Conference, 1897
Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in 1896.
Met in Basel, Switzerland.
Creates the First Zionist Congress.
Becomes an international Jewish organization.
“Next Year in Jerusalem!”

20. Palestine Was Part of the Ottoman Empire

21. Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?

22. The Middle East in 1914

23. Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915 Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca
....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

24. Document A: Letter from Sir Henry McMahon to Sharif Hussein, October 24, 1915
I regret that you should have received from my last letter the impression that I regarded the question of the limits and boundaries with coldness and hesitation; such was not the case, but it appeared to me that the time had not yet come when that question could be discussed in a conclusive manner. I have realised, however, from your last letter that you regard this question as one of vital and urgent importance. I have, therefore, lost no time in informing the Government of Great Britain of the contents of your letter, and it is with great pleasure that I communicate to you on their behalf the following statement, which I am confident you will receive with satisfaction:-
The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta and portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo cannot be said to be purely Arab, and should be excluded from the limits demanded.
With the above modification, and without prejudice of our existing treaties with Arab chiefs, we accept those limits.
As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to act without detriment to the interest of her ally, France, I am empowered in the name of the Government of Great Britain to give the following assurances and make the following reply to your letter:-
1. Subject to the above modifications, Great Britain is prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sherif of Mecca.
2. Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places against all external aggression and will recognise their inviolability.
3. When the situation admits, Great Britain will give to the Arabs her advice and will assist them to establish what may appear to be the most suitable forms of government in those various territories.
I am convinced that this declaration will assure you beyond all possible doubt of the sympathy of Great Britain towards the aspirations of her friends the Arabs and will result in a firm and lasting alliance, the immediate results of which will be the expulsion of the Turks from the Arab countries and the freeing of the Arab peoples from the Turkish yoke, which for so many years has pressed heavily upon them.
(Compliments)
(Signed) A. H. McMAHON

25. Table Questions What is McMahon asking for from Hussein?
What does Hussein want from McMahon?
Is there any reason for Hussein not to trust McMahon?

26. Document B: Map of area promised by Great Britain to recognize as independent Arab state

27. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

28. Document B: Map of area promised by Great Britain to recognize as independent Arab state
It is accordingly understood between the French and British governments:
That France and Great Britain are prepared to recognize and protect an independent Arab states or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b) marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of right of enterprise and local loans. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at the request of the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.
That in the blue area France, and in the red area Great Britain, shall be allowed to establish such direct or indirect administration or control as they desire and as they may think fit to arrange with the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.
That in the brown area there shall be established an international administration, the form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with the other allies, and the representatives of the Shereef of Mecca.

29. Document C: The Sykes-Picot Agreement: 1916
Who is missing from this discussion?
Who should be included in this discussion?
Does this contradict the McMahon’s promises?

30. Document D: Map showing Sykes-Picot Agreement
What is the fate of Palestine according to this agreement?

31. The Arab Revolt:
Goal of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks
Creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Syria to Yemen 

32. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917

33. British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917
Why did Arthur James Balfour write this letter to Lord Rothschild?
What groups may feel prejudiced by this Declaration?
Does this contradict previous British foreign policy?

34. Document F: Extract from Minutes of the Meeting of the Eastern Committee of the Cabinet (United Kingdom) of 5 December, 1918,
in which Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary of the UK and chairman of the committee, makes the following statement: The Palestine position is this. If we deal with our commitments, there is first the general pledge to Hussein in October 1915, under which Palestine was included in the areas as to which Great Britain pledged itself that they should be Arab and independent in the future .Great Britain and France - Italy subsequently agreeing - committed themselves to an international administration of Palestine in consultation with Russia, who was an ally at that time . . .
A new feature was brought into the case in November 1917, when Mr. Balfour, with the authority of the War Cabinet, issued his famous declaration to the Zionists that Palestine 'should be the national home of the Jewish people, but that nothing should be done - and this, of course, was a most important proviso - to prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. Those, as far as I know, are the only actual engagements into which we entered with regard to Palestine.

35. What do these minutes point out?
Document F: Extract from Minutes of the Meeting of the Eastern Committee of the Cabinet (United Kingdom) of 5 December, 1918,
What do these minutes point out?
Are there any contradictions in British foreign policy?
What does international administration mean?

36. What is the motivation behind this paper?
Document G: Extract from the British White Paper of June 3,1922 [also referred as the Churchill White Paper]:
 What is the motivation behind this paper?
How should this paper be received by Palestinians? How should it be received by Zionists?
Are there any contradictions in this letter?

37. British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

38. Article 22 Covenant League of Nations December 1924
The first group, or Class A mandates, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory."

39. Document H: Extract from Palestinian Mandate July 24, 1933
Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have agreed, for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, to entrust to a Mandatory selected by the said Powers the administration of the territory of Palestine, which formerly belonged to the Turkish Empire, within such boundaries as may be fixed by them; and
Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country; and
Whereas recognition has thereby been given to the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country;

40. Colonial Powers & Dates of Independence

41. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians
1.5 million dead

42. Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920
In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine.
By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew.
The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

43. Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System
First one founded in 1908.
Communal living.
“Make the Desert Bloom!”

44. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
Palestine Arab Revolt:
Their Goals:
An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners.
A new “general representative government.”
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

45. IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Jewish
1919
1,806
1920
8,223
1921
8,294
1922
8,685
1923
8,175
1924
13,892
1925
34,386
1926
13,855
1927
3,034
1928
2,178
1929
5,249
1930
4,944
Immigration
1931
4,075
1932
12,533
1933
37,337
1934
45,267
1935
66,472
1936
29,595
1937
10,629
1938
14,675
1939
31,195
1940
10,643
1941
4,592

46. British White Paper of 1939
Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years.
It ended Jewish land purchases.
Independence for Palestine within 10 years.
It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

47. British White Paper of 1939
Document I Extract from the British White Paper of May 17,1939
His Majesty's Government believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish State against the will of the Arab population of the country. [...] His Majesty's Government therefore now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State. They would indeed regard it as contrary to their obligations to the Arabs under the Mandate, as well as to the assurances which have been given to the Arab people in the past, that the Arab population of Palestine should be made the subjects of a Jewish State against their will.
1) Does this paper favor an independent Jewish state?

48. The “Arab Legion” of the British Army During WW2

49. The “Jewish Brigade” of the British Army During WW2

50. Hitler’s “Final Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

51. Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

52. The Nazi Holocaust
6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

53. Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

54. Aliyah Bet
Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
The Exodus, 1947.

55. Palestine Population in 1946

56. U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

57. Document J: Extract UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), November 29, 1947

58. Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948
Chaim Weizmann, 1st President
David Ben-Gurion, 1st Prime Minister

59. Israel Declares Independence

60. War Begins!: May 15, 1948

61. Document M Extract from Arab League, “Declaration on the Invasion of Palestine” (May 15, 1948)
The Arab League includes Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, and Yemen.
England administered Palestine in a manner which enabled the Jews to flood it with immigrants and helped them to settle in the country... England did not pay regard to the interests or rights of the Arab inhabitants, the lawful owners of the country…
Now that the British mandate over Palestine has come to an end, without there being a legitimate constitutional authority in the country, which would safeguard the maintenance of security and respect for law and which would protect the lives and properties of the inhabitants, the Governments of the Arab States declare the following:
First: That the rule of Palestine should revert to its inhabitants… and that [the Palestinians] should alone have the right to determine their future. 
Second: Security and order in Palestine have become disrupted. The Zionist aggression resulted in the exodus [departure] of more than a quarter of a million of its Arab inhabitants from their homes…
Seventh: The Governments of the Arab States recognise that the independence of Palestine, which has so far been suppressed by the British Mandate, has become an accomplished fact for the lawful inhabitants of Palestine. They alone, by virtue of their absolute sovereignty, have the right to provide their country with laws and governmental institutions. They alone should exercise the attributes of their independence, through their own means and without any kind of foreign interference, immediately after peace, security, and the rule of law have been restored to the country.

62. The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

63. Armistice Signed, 1949