1. ANTIFUNGALS
Fungus single cell organism with cell wall has chitin, no chlorophyhll.
reproduction by spores. study is mycology
most are resistant to antibacterial drugs.
Infection occurs when immune system is compromised.
microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, mushrooms
MOA: Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism with fewer adverse effects to the host. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the biological level. This makes it more difficult to discover drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a consequence, many antifungal drugs cause side effects. Some of these side effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.

2. ANTIFUNGALS-polyene antimycotic
attack cell membrane, similar structure
Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin
nystatin used mostly topical. amphotericin used intravenous unless fungus inside GI.
reactions---fever, chills, rigor, nausea,vomiting, myalgias, arthralgias, and headache during intravenous infusions. renal damage

3. ANTIFUNGALS-azoles
interferes with enzyme for ergosterol formation yields death.
used for ringworm, candidiasis
clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole,fluconazole
side effects--naseau, diarrhea, rashes, liver issues

4. ANTIFUNGALS--griseofulvin
from Penicillium griseofulvum
attacks dermatophytes by disrupting mitotic spindle formation-a critical step in cellular division.
for severe skin,hair, nails condition.
not topical use
oral use 2 to 4 weeks for skin infections, 4 to 6 weeks for hair and scalp infections, 4 to 8 weeks for foot infections, 3 to 4 months for fingernail infections, and at least 6 months for toenail infections.

5. ANTIVIRALS
Viruses have no cell wall and made up of nucleic acid components
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasite
They do not have a metabolic machinery of their own – uses host enzymes
virus can be attacked somewhere along its reproduction pathway.

6. ANTIVIRALS most replication when symptoms appear or before
viral replication
1--penetrates cell
2--synthesis of early protein
3--synthesis of RNA or DNA
4--synthesis of late protein
5--particle assembly and release=cell death

7. ANTIVIRALS
gamma globulin injection--blood protein with antibodies hopefully act against virus antigen to not allow entry into cell.
to reduce infection of measles, rabies, others
amantadine--(CDC sometimes disapproves) prevents uncoating of virus
for influenza A, rubella.
maybe useful for chronic fatigue
side effects---slurred speech, dizziness

8. ANTIVIRALS stopping intracelluar synthesis
ribavarin---inhibits replication of DNA and RNA virus
for hepatitus C, respiratory infections, hemmoraghic fever
acyclovir--metabolized into a form that replaces a nucleotide=no more dna
for herpes simplex and zoster

9. ANTIVIRALS
interferon--protein that dying cell releases so other cells can produce enzyme that reduces RNA.
for hepatitus B and C, and cancers

10. ANTIVIRALS florophenylalanine---inhibit late protein synthesis
inhibit protein coat for virus
also destroys cell protein so too toxic.

11. ANTIVIRALS inhibit final assembly
use puromycin antibiotic that causes defective protein=no protein virus coat