1. Learn the orders of Greek Architecture.
December 3, 2016
Learn the orders of Greek Architecture.

2. Warm-up What were the Punic Wars? What was the Pax Romana?
Explain the difference between patricians and plebeians?

3. Objectives
Students will participate in discussion of Chapter 11, pages
Students will label the parts of a Greek or Roman temple.
Students will begin writing a document based question.

4. Today’s Schedule Warm-up Greek Architecture
Prepare for timed writing tomorrow

5. Essential Question:
What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Warm-Up Question:
What is Hellenism?
Why was Alexander of Macedonia considered “great”?

6. In addition to Greece, a significant classical civilization was ancient Rome

7. Impact of Geography on Rome: Identify 1 geographic feature & propose how it might impact the culture of Rome

8. The Geography of Rome
Rome was located on the Italian peninsula along the Mediterranean Sea
The Romans were influenced by the Greeks & neighboring Etruscans

9. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Roman religion was polytheistic & based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed)

10. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Roman writing was called Latin & was based on Greek writing

11. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Roman architecture borrowed heavily from Greek styles
Like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a forum for markets & public gatherings

12. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Society was divided among 3 major groups:
At the top were the nobles, called patricians, who controlled most of the land & held key military & gov’t positions (made up 5% of Roman citizens)

13. The Life of the Patricians

14. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Society was divided among 3 major groups:
Most people were commoners, called plebeians, who were farmers, shopkeepers, or peasants; Plebeians paid the majority of taxes (made up 95% of Roman citizens)

15. The Life of the Plebeians

16. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Society was divided among 3 major groups:
At the bottom of society were slaves & other non-Roman citizens

17. Quick Class Discussion: Based upon this image, what was Roman government like?

18. The Government of Ancient Rome
Rome was originally ruled by kings, but in 509 B.C. the Romans created a republic
A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect their leaders

19. The most important feature of the republic was the Senate, whose 300 members were elected by citizens to make laws & taxes

20. The Government of Ancient Rome
In 451 B.C., government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see
The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law

22. Each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men called a century
The Roman Military
Rome was protected by an advanced army that was divided into groups of 5,000 soldiers called legions
Each legion was divided into smaller groups of 80 men called a century
The Roman Army In addition to their government, the Romans placed great
value on their military. All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the
army. Seekers of certain public offices had to perform ten years of military service.
Roman soldiers were organized into large military units called legions. The
Roman legion was made up of some 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers (infantry).
A group of soldiers on horseback (cavalry) supported each legion. Legions were
divided into smaller groups of 80 men, each of which was called a century. The
military organization and fighting skill of the Roman army were key factors in
Rome’s rise to greatness.

24. Closure Activity Compare governments of the ancient world:
Complete the chart on the back of your notes

25. Essential Question:
What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Warm-Up Question:
What is the difference between “Greek democracy” & the “Roman republic”?
Name 3 ideas the Romans borrowed from the Greeks

26. By the 3rd century B.C., the Romans conquered the Italian peninsula & began to exert power in the Mediterranean world
But, the growth of Rome threatened Carthage, the superpower of the Mediterranean world

27. In a series of battles known as the Punic Wars, Rome defeated Carthage & began the dominant power in the Mediterranean

28. After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories & gained great wealth
One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a politician named Julius Caesar

29. Problems for the Roman Republic
Rome’s expansion brought wealth, but also created problems:
The addition of new lands & sources of slave labor increased the gap between the rich & poor
Generals who controlled the armies became more powerful than the politicians in the Senate
Struggles for power led to a series of civil wars in Rome

30. The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named dictator in 46 B.C.
He initiated a series of reforms that offered Roman citizenship to conquered people & created new jobs
Many Senators feared Caesar’s popularity & power as dictator of Rome

31. In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar

32. The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavian & his best general, Marc Antony

33. End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire
Caesar’s death changed Rome:
People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began

34. The Rise of the Roman Empire
Octavian emerged as the unchallenged leader of Rome, was given the title Augustus (“Exalted One”), & became Rome’s first emperor
Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the Senate still met but the emperor had all the real power
Augustus ruled Rome for 41 years

37. The Pax Romana Pax Romana
Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, & expansion known as the Pax Romana (“the Roman Peace”) from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.
Pax Romana

38. During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its height & brought great wealth to Rome
During the Pax Romana, emperors continued to expand

39. Roman aqueducts brought water to cities
The Pax Romana became the “golden age” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built roads & a merit-based bureaucracy to rule the empire
During the Pax Romana, emperors continued to expand
Roman aqueducts brought water to cities

40. Roman architects used new styles like domes & concrete to beautify cities

41. Emperors built arenas & used chariot races, gladiator events, & theater to entertain the poor
The Roman Coliseum

44. Conclusions Rome expanded from a city, to a republic, to an empire
The era of the Roman Republic introduced representative democracy
The era of the Roman Empire sparked the Pax Romana & the “golden age” of Roman innovation & culture

45. Closure Activity
Would you rather live during the Roman Republic or the Empire?
Provide at least 3 reasons why

46. Essential Question:
What were the important contributions of ancient Rome?
Warm-Up Question:
What are two similarities and two differences between Christianity and Judaism?

47. Roman Achievements
The Romans developed innovations that are still used today because:
Rome’s location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade & cultural diffusion with other cultures
Through cultural diffusion, the Romans borrow ideas other civilizations like the Greeks and improved upon these ideas
The wealth of the Roman Empire, especially in the Pax Romana, allowed the Romans to promote culture & invention

48. The Romans developed innovations that are still used today because:
Through cultural diffusion, the Romans borrow ideas other civilizations like the Greeks and improved upon these ideas
Rome’s location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade & cultural diffusion with other cultures
The wealth of the Roman Empire, especially in the Pax Romana, allowed the Romans to promote culture & invention

49. Roman Architecture
The Romans were tremendous builders who were improved upon Greek designs with two new architectural features: arches & domes:
Arches – curved structures over an opening that can support its own weight – were used by the Romans to create enormous building like the Coliseum and the Pantheon.
Domes – created open spaces in buildings
The Romans built arenas so thousands of people could attend “circuses” (entertainment events).

50. Compare the images of the Roman Coliseum & the Cowboy Stadium
Roman Architecture
Station Activity:
Compare the images of the Roman Coliseum & the Cowboy Stadium
1. Write three similarities that you can see (or can assume) about their architecture
Who influenced the Romans in architecture?
What is one unique characteristic of Roman building?
Sketch an arch.

51. Roman Religion
Romans were initially polytheistic and required that conquered people show respect for their gods.
During the Pax Romana, Christianity began and spread along the roads and trade routes throughout the Roman Empire.
Early Christians were persecuted for their beliefs – some became martyrs who sacrificed themselves for their beliefs.

52. Roman Religion Station Activity:
Examine the timeline. What are the 3 most important events in the history of Christianity during the Roman Empire?
2. Examine the religion chart below. List the top 3 world religions in terms of the number of followers.

53. Roman Law
Roman laws were made by the Senate and then posted for the people to see, called the Twelve Tables.
The Roman legal system included a criminal court system with lawyers and juries so people accused of crimes could defend themselves. Witnesses could be called to give witness testimony.
Roman law allowed anyone – including the poor and slaves – to accuse others of crimes.

54. Roman Law
Station Activity:
Examine the excerpt from a new Texas law.
Assuming that the state of Texas borrowed ideas from the Romans, what similarities can you make between Texas laws and Roman laws?
If a police officer unfairly gave you a ticket for texting while driving, what Roman legal ideas could you use?
Texas Law (Senate Bill 360, House Bill 23) "No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any public road or highway while using a wireless telecommunications device to write, send, or read any text message, instant message, electronic mail, or Internet data.” “In addition, no persons under the age of 18 years of age may use a wireless telecommunications device while operating a motor vehicle.” “The fine for offenders will be $150 and one point on their driver license, the new law goes into effect on July 1st, 2010.” Source: Texas Law Code, published 2010

55. Roman Government
In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the last Roman king and established a new form of government, known as a republic
The Romans created a republic to prevent any one person from gaining too much power.
They had a Senate, made up of 300 men, that made laws and selected two Consuls to command the army and run the day-to-day affairs of Rome.

56. Roman Government Station Activity:
Match each description of American government with its
equal from the Roman Republic:
American Gov’t
Voters: The people elect their gov’t leaders
President: Runs the gov’t & enforces the laws passed by Congress
Senate: Lawmakers elected by the people; only 2 per state, so its a prestigious position
House of Representatives: Lawmakers elected by the people; Serve 2 year terms so its not as prestigious as the Senate
Roman Republic
Consuls
Senators
Tribunes
Citizen Assemblies

57. Roman Roads
The Romans built the largest and longest-lasting network of roads in the ancient world.
At the height of the empire, Roman roads stretched for 56,000 miles and included 29 major highways.
At first the roads were built to move soldiers quickly, but eventually the routes served many people and purposes, including trade.

58. Roman Roads
Today, we use a similar system to make roads. What layer do we no longer use?
Guess what the Romans used for each of the four layers to make their roads
Station Activity:

59. Roman Aqueducts
One of the Roman’s greatest and most practical engineering feats was the channeling of water to their towns and cities
Roman engineers built the aqueducts to move the cold, clear water from springs over 250 miles into towns.
Some of the aqueducts are still standing and in use. One in Spain is a two-tiered aqueduct that is 95 feet above the ground and is 2,388 feet long!

60. Roman Aqueducts Station Activity:
If the curvy line between the lake and the Roman city represents hills and valleys, how would the Romans get the water to the city? Sketch an aqueduct that connects the lake and city.

61. Roman Language
Roman conquest spread Latin through much of Europe. Over time, different regions in Europe developed languages based on Latin.
Languages based on Latin are known as Romance languages.
Words in the five major Romance languages often sound alike – for example, the Latin word for “freedom”, libertas, translates as liberta in Italian, liberte in French, libertad in Spanish, liberdade in Portuguese, and libertate in Romanian.

62. Roman Language Station Activity:
Notice how many modern language come from Latin. Guess each of the three words in the “Modern English” box and write them in your chart. ?

63. Roman Calendar
The Romans began using a new solar calendar that was borrowed heavily from the Egyptian calendar and had been improved by the scholars of Alexandria.
This new calendar (called the “Julian calendar” after Julius Caesar) had 365 days and 1 extra day every fourth year.
July was named after Julius Caesar because it included his birthday.

64. Roman Calendar Station Activity:
Three months on the Julian calendar are named after famous Romans. One is July.
What are the other two months?
Who are they named after?

65. Roman Civil Service
Rome’s 1st emperor, Augustus, created several systems to help himself rule in enormous empire better.
Augustus set up a civil service, with salaried, experienced workers to take care of the empire.
These bureaucrats helped oversee the empire by keeping track of grain, the roads, the postal service and all other things needed to run an empire.

66. Answer these questions:
Roman Civil Service
Station Activity:
Answer these questions:
Why do you think that Augustus formed the civil service?
Name 3 civil service jobs that allow the president to do his job better

67. Discussion Questions
Why do you think scholars call the era of the Pax Romana Rome’s “golden age”?
Which Roman achievement do you think is most important? Rank order the achievements from 1-9