1. Today’s Issues:
Africa
European colonialism of the 1800s has left most of today’s independent African nations with economic, health, educational, and political problems.
A soldier stands guard in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo.
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2. Africa Today’s Issues: SECTION 1 Economic Development SECTION 2
Health Care
Case Study
Effects of Colonialism
Unit Map: Physical
Unit Map: Political
Unit Atlas: Physical
Unit Atlas: Political
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3. Economic Development Section 1
• Africa’s history of colonization has had long-term effects on its economy.
• Barriers to African economic development include illiteracy, foreign debt, and a lack of manufacturing industries.
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4. Economic Development Africa’s Economy Today A History of Problems
SECTION
Economic Development 1
Africa’s Economy Today
A History of Problems
• Most countries do little manufacturing
- sell raw materials to industrialized countries
• European colonizers exploited Africa’s resources, people
- millions sold into slavery or died from harsh
working conditions
• Land was mined, drilled; environment was ignored
• All this has limited Africa’s economic growth, political stability
Continued . . .
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5. Africa’s Economic Status
SECTION 1
continued Africa’s Economy Today
Africa’s Economic Status
• Most African countries are worse off today than in 1960
- average incomes have decreased
- worldwide: accounts for 1% of total GNP, 1.5% of exports
• Lack crucial infrastructure (roads, airports, railroads, ports)
• Little access to computers or high technology
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6. On the Road to Development
SECTION 1
On the Road to Development
Reducing Debt and Increasing Cooperation
• Newly independent countries borrowed money to build economies
- total debt of sub-Saharan governments was $227 billion by 1997
- many Western leaders push to forgive Africa’s
debts
• Trying to improve economies through regional cooperation
- Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS)
- Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
- groups promote trade, improvement of
infrastructure
Continued . . .
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7. SECTION 1
continued On the Road to Development
Building Industries
• “One-commodity” countries rely on export of one or two commodities
- commodity—agricultural or mining product that
can be sold
- value varies daily based on worldwide supply and demand
- this makes “one-commodity” nations’ economies
unstable
• Economists want Africans to diversify—create variety in economies
- promote manufacturing to achieve economic
growth and stabilty
• East Africa’s Djibouti established shipping center on Gulf of Aden
Map
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8. Educating Workers Improving Education Reversing the Brain Drain
SECTION 1
Educating Workers
Improving Education
• Uneducated populace is a large barrier to economic development
• Average schooling time for women up only 1.2 years in last 40 years
• In Angola and Somalia, civil wars have destroyed school systems
• But in Algeria, 94% get a formal education
- 83% of Mauritians over 15 are literate
Reversing the Brain Drain
• Many professionals migrate to Western nations
- International Organization for Migration urges
return
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9. Section 2
Health Care
• Epidemic diseases are killing Africa’s people in huge numbers.
• African nations and countries around the world are using a variety of methods, including education, to eradicate disease.
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10. Health Care Disease and Despair Serious Diseases
SECTION
Health Care 2
Disease and Despair
Serious Diseases
• Cholera—sometimes fatal infection
- spread by poor sanitation, lack of clean water
• Malaria—often-fatal infectious disease marked by chills, fever
- carried by mosquitoes; resistant to drugs due to
overuse
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—caused by HIV virus
- 70% of adult, 80% of child AIDS cases are in
Africa
- often paired with tuberculosis—infectious
respiratory infection
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11. AIDS Stalks the Continent
SECTION 2
AIDS Stalks the Continent
Africa Bears the Brunt
• 3 million died from AIDS worldwide in 2000
- 2.4 million lived in sub-Saharan Africa
• In Swaziland, 3 of 4 deaths were from AIDS
- life expectancy has fallen from 58 years to 39
• In 2000, 26 million people in Africa had HIV or AIDS
Map
Continued . . .
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12. A High Price to Pay • Widespread disease has economic consequences
SECTION 2
continued AIDS Stalks the Continent
A High Price to Pay
• Widespread disease has economic consequences
- sick people work less or not at all, earn less, slip
into poverty
• AIDS is lowering South Africa’s GDP
- by 2010, it could be 17% lower compared to
without AIDS
• Medical care for AIDS patients is expensive
- UNAIDS estimates $4.63 billion needed to fight
AIDS in Africa
- UNAIDS—United Nations program studying AIDS epidemic
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13. Nations Respond A Variety of Answers
SECTION 2
Nations Respond
A Variety of Answers
• Since 1930s, spraying programs used to reduce insect numbers
- fight malaria, other insect-borne diseases
• In 2000, the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines pledged money
- $250 million over next 5 years for worldwide
immunizations
• Gabon using oil revenues to upgrade its health care system
• African Development Fund loaned Mozambique $12.3 million dollars
- money to be used to upgrade public health
facilities
Continued . . .
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14. Strategies Against AIDS
SECTION 2
continued Nations Respond
Strategies Against AIDS
• South Africa, Brazil work together on AIDS prevention, care
- Brazil has public health policies to fight AIDS,
other diseases
- Brazil’s policies are considered a model for
developing nations
Continued . . .
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15. Success Stories • Uganda and Senegal have reduced spread of HIV
SECTION 2
continued Nations Respond
Success Stories
• Uganda and Senegal have reduced spread of HIV
- in 1997, Uganda offers same-day HIV tests,
education programs
- infection rates among 15 to 24 year olds have
dropped 50%
• Senegal controls spread of AIDS with intensive education program
- infection rates have been below 2% since mid-
1980s
• UNAIDS says HIV infection rates in sub-Saharan Africa are down
- 1999–2000: dropped by 200,000 cases, but
figure may be misleading
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16. How can African nations bring peace and stability to their people?
Effects of Colonialism
Case Study
How can African nations bring peace and stability to their people?
BACKGROUND
• Early 19th century Africa was home to great empires, rich cultures
• By the end of the 19th century—poverty and violence
• Many of Africa’s problems stem from European colonialism
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17. Case Study Colonizing Africa Effects of Colonialism
Europeans in Africa
• Portuguese establish coastal trading stations in the 1400s
• By mid-1800s, Europeans seek Africa’s rich natural resources
- need raw materials for industrial
economies, markets to sell goods
• Berlin Conference ( ) sets rules for dividing up Africa
Continued . . .
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18. Case Study Europeans in Africa
continued Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa
• European control begins to fade in 20th century
- most countries gain independence in 1960s
• Long-term damage to cultural and ethnic boundaries, economy
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19. Challenges of Independence
Case Study
Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition
• Departing Europeans did not leave Africa with stable governments
- newly established nations suffered
dictators and civil wars
• Europeans did not understand Africa’s ethnic diversity
- drew country boundaries combining
historical enemies
Map
Map
Continued . . .
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20. Case Study Colonial Transition
continued Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition
• Germany and Belgium aggravated historically tense ethnic relations
- Rwanda, Burundi include Hutu, Tutsi groups; war erupts in 1990s
- this ethnic conflict took the lives of
hundreds of thousands
Continued . . .
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21. Case Study Colonial Transition
continued Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition
• Colonial boundaries create problems for many African governments
- difficult to get different ethnic groups to cooperate
• Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko became common
- Mobutu ruled what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Many Africans have no experience living in democratic governments
Continued . . .
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22. Case Study Cause for Hope
continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope
• Primary goal is to establish democratic traditions
- political stability needed for peace and prosperity
• Some progress is being made, for example in South Africa
- white minority government yielded power to black majority in 1994
- ended decades of government-sanctioned racial discrimination
Continued . . .
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23. Case Study Cause for Hope
continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope
• In 2001, Ghana peacefully elected a new president
- a change from the coups, assassinations of previous governments
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