2. Most environments (most abundant)
Living Organisms
Prokaryotes
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Eukaryotes
Domain Eukarya
Extreme environments
-Protists
-Fungus
-Plants
-Animals
Most environments (most abundant)

3. Domain Bacteria and Archaea (Kingdom Monera)
Prokaryotes
Microscopic organisms that do NOT have a nucleus
1 to 10 micrometers (1/1000 of a millimetre)
Single celled organisms
Can form colonies
Do NOT contain complex organelles, but do have:
Genetic material (DNA)
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
size of bacteria

5. Methods of Identifying Bacteria
1. Cell Shape
Sphere (cocci)
Rod (bacilli)
Spiral (spirilla)

6. Cell Wall: Provides physical protection
Prevents cell from bursting in _______ environments
Can plasmolysize in __________environments (preserving meat)

7. Gram-positive: Simpler walls will a large amount of peptidoglycan
Example: Streptococcus (strep throat or tooth decay)

8. Gram-negative: Have less peptidoglycan Structurally more complex:
More proteins, extra plasma membrane and lipopolysaccharide
Example: E.Coli, Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

10. Gram staining: Detects the peptidoglycan
Gram positive will absorb the dye in its peptidogylcan layers and turns violet
Gram negative will not absorb the dye and is red

11. Four Phyla Eubacteria: True bacteria
Cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates for protection
Cell membrane (may have two)
Most contain flagella
Can be photosynthetic (autotrophs) or heterotrophs

12. Cyanobacteria Blue green bacteria Photosynthetic
Contain chlorophyll a (pigment) in the membrane allows for photosynthesis (i.e no chloroplasts)

13. Archaebacteria:
Called methanogens b/c they give off methane gas (found in digestive tract)
Live in extremely harsh conditions and with little oxygen (arctic, hotsprings, salt)

14. Prochlorobacteria: Photosynthetic Contain chlorophyll a and b
Closely related to chloroplasts  plants

15. Cell Wall Gram staining
using crystal violet  purple and safranine  red
Cells with one thick layer of carbohydrates and protein take up crystal violet (stain purple)
Gram Positive Bacteria
Cells with a second layer of lipids and carbohydrates take up safranine (stain red)
Gram Negative Bacteria

17. Bacterial Movement Flagella (one or more) Spiral or wiggle forward
Layer of slime  slide
Sessile (do not move)

18. Methods of Obtaining Energy
Autotrophs- trap energy from the sunlight
Phototrophic autotroph-produce food from sunlight
Chemotrophic autotroph- produce food from inorganic molecules (sulphur, iron, nitrides)
Heterotrophs-obtain energy by taking organic molecules and breaking them down
Chemotrophic heterotroph –most bacteria/humans
Phototrophic heterotroph-can use sunlight for energy but also need organic molecules

19. Methods of Respiration
Obligate aerobe (must have oxygen)
Oligate anaerobe (cannot have oxygen)
Facultative Anaerobe (with or without oxygen)