1. Study Notes for Chapter 3: The Earth’s Ecosystems
(Green Environmental Science Book)

2. Chapter 3 Section 1: Land Biomes

3. 1. _______ factors are the nonliving parts of an environment.
Abiotic
1. _______ factors are the nonliving parts of an environment.

4. 2. ______ factors are the living parts of an environment.
Biotic
2. ______ factors are the living parts of an environment.

5. 3. __________ forests have tall trees full of leaves year-round.
Coniferous

6. 4. _______ ____ forests has many trees and receives up to 400 cm of rainfall per year.
Tropical Rain

7. 5. _______ ____ forests have very poor soil.
Tropical Rain
5. _______ ____ forests have very poor soil.

8. 6. During the summer, _________ grasses dry out and turn yellow.
savanna

9. 7. A ______ is very dry and often very hot.
desert
7. A ______ is very dry and often very hot.

10. 8. __________ is soil that is always frozen.
Permafrost
8. __________ is soil that is always frozen.

11. Chapter 3 Section 2: Marine Ecosystems

12. 1. Water temperature, depth, and amount of sunlight are ______ factors of a marine ecosystem.
abiotic

13. 2. __________ are tiny organisms that float near the surface of the water and produce their own food.
Plankton

14. 3. The base of the ocean’s food chains is formed by ________.
plankton

15. 4. The _______ zone has the warmest temperature.
surface
4. The _______ zone has the warmest temperature.

16. 5. The _________ zone is where the ocean meets the land.
Intertidal
5. The _________ zone is where the ocean meets the land.

17. 6. Animals living in the _________ zone must adapt to crashing waves and exposure to air.
intertidal

18. neritic
7. The ________ zone is where the ocean floor begins to slope downward, with warm, sunlit water.

19. 8. Coral reefs, Sea turtles, and dolphins live in the _______ zone.
neritic

20. 9. In the _______ zone the sea floor drops ________ and contains the deep water of the open ocean and animals such as whales and sharks.
oceanic
sharply

21. benthic
10. The _______ zone is the ocean floor where the deepest parts get no _______.
sunlight

22. benthic
11. Animals that live in the ________ zone eat material that _____ from above.
sinks

23. 12. Oceans provide most of the water for ____________ on Earth.
precipitation

24. Coral reefs
13. ____ _____ are very biologically diverse compared with other marine ecosystems.

25. 14. An area with nutrient-rich, fast-moving _____-water from rivers that spills into the ocean is called an _______.
fresh
estuary

26. 15. The nutrient-rich waters near _____ ___ supports large numbers of plankton.
polar ice

27. Chapter 3 Section 3: Freshwater Ecosystems

28. abiotic
1. A major _______ factor that affects freshwater ecosystem is speed of water because animals must ______ so they are not washed away.
adapt

29. 2. Many plants can grow in the littoral zone of a lake because ________ reaches its bottom.
sunlight

30. Wetlands
3. _________ are ecosystems that play an important role in flood control.

31. Wetlands
4. _________ help replenish underground water supplies because water moves deeper in the ground.

32. marsh
5. A _______ is an area near the shore of a pond with many grasses and no trees.

33. swamp
6. A _______ is an area with wet soil, standing water, with willows and orchids.

34. 7. A ____ may become a forest when it fills with _________ over time.
lake
7. A ____ may become a forest when it fills with _________ over time.
sediment

35. The End