1. İstanbul tİcaret odasI ortaokulu

2. This is a close-up satellite image of the Bosporus strait
This is a close-up satellite image of the Bosporus strait. The body of water at the top is the Black Sea, the one at the bottom is the Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus is the winding waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosporus constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of Asia. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.  

3. The  Bosporus is a natural strait and internationally significant waterway located in the northwestern of Turkey. Most of the shores of the strait are heavily settled, straddled by the city of Istanbul’s metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both coasts.

4. As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus connects various seas along the Eastern Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Near East, and the Western Eurasia, and specifically connects the Black Sea  to the Sea of Marmara. The Marmara further connects to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas via the Dardanelles. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from Russia.

5. The strait is 31 km long, with a width of 3,329 m at the northern entrance and 2,826 m at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is 3,420 m between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width 700 m between  Kandilli Point and Aşiyan. The depth of the Bosporus varies from 13 to 110 m in midstream with an average of 65 m. The deepest location is between Kandilli and Bebek with 110 m (The most shallow locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu on the northward route with 18 m and off Aşiyan Point on the southward route with 13 m.

6. The Golden Horn is an estuary  off the main strait that historically acted as a moat to protect Old Istanbul from attack, as well as providing a sheltered anchorage for the imperial navies of various empires until the 19th century, after which it became a historic neighborhood at the heart of the city, popular with tourists and locals alike.

7. This was amended under the 1923 Treaty of Lousanne, which restored the straits to Turkish territory—but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely. Turkey eventually rejected the terms of that treaty, and subsequently Turkey remilitarized the straits area. The reversion was formalized under the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits on July 20, That convention, which is still in force, treats the straits as an international shipping lane save that Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea states.

8. Three suspension bridges cross the Bosporus
Three suspension bridges cross the Bosporus. The first of these, the Bosporus Bridge, is 1,074 m long and was completed in The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, is 1,090 m long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km north of the first bridge. The Bosporus Bridge forms part of the O1 Motorway, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the Trans-European Motorway. The third, Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, is 2,164 meters long and was completed in 2016. It is located near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of Garipçe on the European side and Poyrazköy on the Asian side, as part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", integrated with the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and allowing transit traffic to bypass city traffic.
FATIH SULTAN MEHMET BRIDGE
YAVUZ SULTAN SELİM BRIDGE
BOSPORUS BRIDGE

9. The Marmaray project, featuring a 13
The Marmaray project, featuring a 13.7 km long undersea railway tunnel, opened on 29 October Approximately 1,400 m of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m.

10. The waters of the Bosporus are traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities.
The strait also experiences significant amounts of international commercial shipping traffic by freighters and tankers. Two points in Istanbul  have most of the public ferries that traverse the strait: from Eminönü  on the historic peninsula of Istanbul to Anadolu Kavağı near the Black Sea, zigzagging and calling briefly multiple times at the European  and Asian sides of the city. At central piers shorter, regular ride in one of the public ferries cross. Private ferries operate between Üsküdar and Beşiktaş or Kabataş in the city. The few well-known geographic hazards are multiplied by ferry traffic across the strait, linking the European and Asian sides of the city, particularly for the largest ships.

11. The catamaran sea buses offer high-speed commuter services between the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus, but they stop at fewer ports and piers in comparison to the public ferries. Both the public ferries and the sea buses also provide commuter services between the Bosporus and the Prince Islands  in the Sea of Marmara.
There are also tourist rides available in various places along the coasts of the Bosporus. The prices vary according to the type of the ride, and some feature loud popular music for the duration of the trip.

12. The Bosphorus has 620 waterfront houses  built during the Ottoman period along the strait's European and Asian shorelines. Ottoman palaces such as theTopkapı Palace, Dolmabahçe Palace, Çırağan Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace are within its view. Buildings and landmarks within view include the Hagia Sophia, Sultanahmet (Blue) Mosque, Galata Tower, Maiden’s Tower, Rumelian Castle and Anatolian Castle

13. TOPKAPI PALACE

14. DOLMABAHCE PALACE

15. CIRAGAN PALACE

16. BEYLERBEYI PALACE

17. ANATOLIAN CASTLE

18. RUMELIAN CASTLE

19. SULTANAHMET (BLUE) MOSQUE

20. HAGIA SOPHIA

21. GALATA TOWER

22. MAIDEN’S TOWER

23. REFERENCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Straits

24. PRAPERED BY
Ömer Faruk DEMİREL
Hasan ÖZER
Taha KAYA

25. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.