1. CHANGES TO EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT
MS. SORN

2. KEY VOCAB 05 QUIZ
MINUTES

3. KEY VOCAB 06 PACKET – WORDS 1, 2
1. global warming (adj/n): Continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth’s climate system 2. climate change (adj/n): Long-term change in the prevailing weather patterns.

4. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Humans have made changes to behavior in protect Earth’s resources.
Energy is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Electromagnetic waves interact with different materials by reflecting, refracting, absorbing, and transmitting.
The greenhouse effect keeps Earth at a livable temperature by keeping radiating energy within Earth’s atmosphere. All matter is made of atoms and molecules of atoms. Substances have unique physical and chemical properties including the movement of molecules in response to a change in temperature and phase change.
Chemical reactions occur between substances to form new substances.
Climate is the historical pattern of weather for an area. When aspects of an ecosystem change some organisms will adapt, some will die, some will leave, and new organisms will move into the ecosystem.
A change in the global mean temperature of Earth will effect humans and other organisms in many ways.

5. GLOBAL WARMING VS. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Global warming refers to the fact that the surface of the Earth is getting hotter.
The greenhouse effect refers to the fact that earth is warmer with an atmosphere than is would be without it.

6. Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. 

7. HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 2/22/17
MS. SORN

8. DO NOW – WEDNESDAY, 2/22/17
QUESTION: How do human activities influence global climate change? ANSWER: Some human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean (average) surface temperature.

9. KEY VOCAB 06 PACKET – WORDS 3, 4, 5, 6
3. carbon footprint (adj/n)- the amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels. 4. biosphere (n)- the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms. 5. hydrosphere (n)- all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface. 6. lithosphere (n)- the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

10. REVIEW OF YESTERDAY’S HOMEWORK -
1. Are glaciers growing or shrinking in size (globally?)
Answer: According to NOAA/ NASA satellite images, there is increased heat trapped in the atmosphere

11. REVIEW OF YESTERDAY’S HOMEWORK -
2. Why does the size of the Arctic ice sheet matter?
Answer: Data shows a smaller ice sheet most years and a steady trend toward no ice. Increase heat trapped in the atmosphere, hotter summers melting the ice sheet with warmer winters not allowing regrowth

12. REVIEW OF YESTERDAY’S HOMEWORK -
3. How do I contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?
Answer: Actions that produce carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor: exhaling, burning fossil fuels, eating meat

13. REVIEW OF YESTERDAY’S HOMEWORK -
4. How will sea-level rise impact where I live?
Answer: Flooding to climate differences that result in different animal and plant populations, possibly human migration. Melting of land, not sea, ice (including glaciers) and thermal expansion of oceans

14. REVIEW OF YESTERDAY’S HOMEWORK -
5. What is ocean acidification and why is it important?
Answer: Coral bleaching, loss of corals, and associated fish species. More dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean waters makes carbonic acid

15. BEFORE & AFTER
Before the Industrial Revolution in the 1700s, climate change was explained by natural causes like changes in solar output, volcanic eruptions, and natural greenhouse gas concentrations.
After that, human activity has substantially added more carbon dioxide and other heat trapping gases to the atmosphere. These gases cause an increase in the greenhouse effect and Earth’s surface temperature. The additional greenhouse gases come from the burning of fossil fuels.

16. TOP 10 INDICATORS THAT ARE EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
FOLLOW GRAPHIC ORGANIZER IN NOTEBOOK

17. Homework – 2/22/17 : reading sets “human activities and global climate changes” + “changes to the earth’s environment”

18. DO NOW – THURSDAY, 2/23/17
QUESTION: What are at least 3 major indicators that are evidence of climate change? ANSWER: Air temperature near surface (troposphere), humidity, temperature over oceans, sea surface temperature, sea ice, sea level, ocean heat content, temperature over land, snow cover, glaciers

19. STUDY FOR KEY VOCAB 06 QUIZ/ KEY VOCAB 06 SHEET DUE 2/27/17
HOMEWORK – 2/23/17
STUDY FOR KEY VOCAB 06 QUIZ/ KEY VOCAB 06 SHEET DUE 2/27/17
In – Notebook (2 Truths and a Lie)

20. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question: 1. How are scientists able to get a glimpse of the past level of “greenhouse gases”?
BIG IDEA:
Scientists are using ice core samples to create a long-term record showing the level of “greenhouse gases” trapped in the ice over time. 
(covering hundreds of thousands of years)
Ice on the surface of Earth traps atmospheric gases as the ice freezes and is buried, giving us a record of how the level of greenhouse gases has fluctuated over time. Since no one was alive when some greenhouse gases were trapped in ice long, long ago, it is difficult to identify the events that caused the changes in greenhouse gases over time.
Based on ice cores and other data, today most scientists agree the modern-day event of global warming is the result of human activities that have increased the greenhouse gas content of Earth’s atmosphere significantly over the last 100 years.

21. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question (Video): 2. How are ice core samples taken?
BIG IDEA:
By drilling; The further down you drill, the older the snow. Each layer records what was happening in the Earth’s atmosphere at the time the ice was formed.
Traces of huge natural disasters, pollution from human activity, it’s all frozen and perfectly occurred.

22. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question: 3. What are the main uses of fossil fuels in the US?
BIG IDEA:
It is used mostly for electricity generation; fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, and other vehicles; and energy for industrial and manufacturing purposes. 
This gives us the opportunity to possibly mitigate the global warming trend by significantly reducing our use of fossil fuels. A measure of how much any activity, industry, community, or individual contributes to greenhouse gas emissions is called its “carbon footprint.”
Scientists use models and simulations to study the possible causes and effects of a rise in the average global temperature. Such models can be used to determine how we need to adapt to the predicted changes and how current behaviors could be modified to lessen future impacts.

23. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question: 4. What are a few indications that the Earth’s climate is getting warmer?
BIG IDEA:
There are changes in patterns of rain, the sea level is rising, and ice and snow are melting sooner than normal. 
When icebergs melt, the sea levels rise,  affecting coastlines and the global climate. Temperatures are warmer today than they have been over the past 1,000 years. As temperatures continue to rise, we will see even more changes that will impact ecosystems, animals, and humans.

24. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question: 5. How do we mitigate the impact of human activity on climate change?
BIG IDEA:
New industrial practices help reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the air from factories and refineries
Research into alternative energy sources is ongoing, in order to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. 

25. Phytoplankton, the single-celled plants that perform half of the world's photosynthetic activity, are sensitive to climate change. New research is shedding light on how their populations will rise, fall and shift as the Earth warms.

26. How may phytoplankton be used for global climate purposes? (READ-ONLY)
One hypothesis, first proposed in the 1980s, involves trying to increase photosynthesis in phytoplankton in the global oceans.
In addition to sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, phytoplankton also need nutrients, like iron, for photosynthesis to occur.
Scientists hypothesized that if iron is added to the ocean, this will help increase photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis, phytoplankton take the carbon dioxide that has dissolved into the oceans and store that carbon in their biomass (by changing it to glucose and other carbon molecules).
The more carbon dioxide they take out of the ocean water, the more that carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will dissolve into the ocean to replace it, thereby reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
When the phytoplankton die, they will sink to the bottom of the ocean, storing the carbon there. This is called the Iron Hypothesis.
Scientists are developing and testing several ideas to try to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Not only are phytoplankton sensitive to changes in climate, they also contribute to those changes, as they can remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it deep in the ocean when they die.

27. NOTEBOOK- HUMAN ACTIVITIES & GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Essential Question: 6. What is air quality and how can we improve it?
BIG IDEA:
Air quality is measured by the amount of pollutants in the air.
Research into alternative energy sources is ongoing, in order to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. 
The main cause of air pollution is burning fossil fuels which releases their carbon into the atmosphere primarily as carbon dioxide. Now, more carbon dioxide than ever is being released into the atmosphere and affecting the quality of the air we breathe.

28. Improving air quality- read only
Earth’s system has many complex parts (atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere) that require a delicate balance.
If one part of the system changes, it can impact other parts, sometimes negatively.
For example, forest fires caused by lightning strikes have happened on Earth throughout history, even before humans.
This led to an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, but other Earth systems were able to adjust to this increase.
Organisms in the biosphere such as plants and plankton can absorb some of this excess carbon dioxide and use it for photosynthesis, which releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
This process can help return balance between the parts of Earth’s system.
The cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system.

29. Carbon moves, or cycles, through Earth’s systems
Carbon moves, or cycles, through Earth’s systems. Through the process of decay, carbon from plants and animals is returned to the soil. Carbon is also found in the hydrosphere as carbon dioxide dissolved in the water, in the marine animals and plants, and even in the shells and coral. Carbon can be found in the lithosphere and trapped in fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, or in rocks and volcanic materials.
When fossil fuels or plants are burned, their carbon finds its way into the atmosphere primarily as carbon dioxide. Frozen in ice, carbon is also found in the cryosphere. Carbon moves through these systems by either being stored, released, or absorbed. A change to one system affects the others until a balance is found.