1. Religious and Reform Movements of the early 19th century

2. Changing Economy
New mechanized procedures for making textiles (cloth), lead to the development of factories.
Factory work draws people to live in cities. Urbanization is the migration of people into cities.
Women (Lowell System) and children (Rhode Island System) are often working in these factories.
Note: This is the early stages of industrialization and urbanization. This process speeds up tremendously during and especially after the Civil War.

3. Second Great Awakening
Religious revival of the early 19th century.
Backlash against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.
Personal, emotional connection with God emphasized.
Religion should be accessible to the common man.
Women, African Americans, Native Americans participated.
Religious revival of the early 19th century.
Backlash against the Enlightenment.
Personal, emotional connection w/ God emphasized.
Accessible to the “common man”
Women, African Americans, Native Americans participated.

4. New Faiths and Missionaries
New Faiths emerged
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saint
Seventh Day Adventist Church
Inspired missionaries
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman traveled over Oregon Trail to convert Native Americans.

5. Utopianism Shakers Oneida community World coming to an end
No need to have children
Men and women lived strictly separated
Oneida community
Rejected monogamy in marriage
Free love
Shakers- believed the world was coming to an end so there was no need to have children. Men and women lived strictly separated.
Oneida community- rejected monogamy in marriage and believed in free love.

6. Sectionalism and Religion
Sectionalism= loyalty to one own region
South and West
Methodist and Baptist faith
Rowdy and raucous
South
Religious salvation to be determined through faith alone.
No need to demonstrate one’s faith through good works
North
Calmer
Followers asked to reform society
Leads to the reform movements
See text America’s Promise
The Second Great Awakening (SGA) had a sectional aspect.
In the South and the West, the SGA spreads the Methodist and Baptist faiths, and had a very rowdy and raucous nature.
In the South, religious salvation was to be determined through faith alone. There was no need to demonstrate one’s faith through good works.
North = calmer. But followers asked to reform society. Leads to the reform movments.

7. 19th Century Education Public Schools
Many communities created free schools
Noah Webster and others publish new textbooks
Schools taught “Three R’s”- Reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic
Older children often taught younger children (Lancaster Model)
1860
In US 90% of all free adults could read & write
1820s
Only a few communities had free schools
Education was seen as a public responsibility
Need to educate people to be good citizens in a democratic society

8. Education Public Schools
Teachers
Poorly paid/trained
No standards for teacher
education.
Schools were
Generally low quality
Schoolhouses uncomfortable and ill-equipped
Urban classes= stores & cellars.
Pretty boring, no room for individual growth/imagination.
Quality of those schools was generally very poor
Schoolhouses uncomfortable and ill-equipped
- In many urban areas most classes were held in stores and cellars.
Teachers poorly paid/trained- No standards for teacher education.
School = Pretty boring. No room for individual growth/imagination.

9. Education Reform Horace Mann
Fought for laws that required school attendance.
Supported:
Higher teacher salaries
Better school equipment
Building of adequate and comfortable schools
More exciting education that encouraged the use of imagination
Created “normal schools” to train teachers

10. Alcohol and the Temperance Movement
The Problem: Alcohol
Production & use of alcohol increased.
Many saw it as:
Immoral and irreligious:
Leading to poverty and mental illness
Causing domestic abuse

11. Alcohol and the Temperance Movement
REFORM
Phase I- campaign against drunkenness
Phase II- campaign for total abstinence and prohibition (the banning of the sale of alcohol.)
American Temperance Union urged people to sign a pledge to swear off alcohol
Many states passed bans or restrictions on the sale of alcohol.
The 18th Amendment, ratified 1919, banned alcohol
1933, repealed by 21st Amendment

12. Income Inequality
As the economy expands, some people become very rich.
But others work very hard, and still remain in poverty.
Some reformers, like Thomas Skidmore, proposed that the rich not be allowed to pass their wealth onto their children.
Others thought that newly gained Western land be given out to people for free.

13.
Watch and Fill out the Income Inequality portion of the chart

14. Prison, Indebtedness, Juvenile Delinquency and Mental Illness
Overcrowded unsanitary conditions
Violent and non-violent criminals, men, women, juvenile criminals, physically sick, the poor and indebted and the mentally ill ALL housed together
Debtors
Put in prison for as little as $20
Could not work in prison to pay back their debts.
 In prison for years
Prisoners were often abused by their jailers or by each other.
Prisoners sometimes branded w/ hot irons.
Children & the mentally ill were particularly vulnerable.
Housed together: violent criminals, non-violent criminals, men, women, juvenile criminals, the physically sick, the poor and indebted and the mentally ill

15. Prison Reform New emphasis: Debtors:
Rehabilitation rather than just imprisonment.
Belief that solitary confinement, hard labor and prayer would lead to reform.
Debtors:
Bankruptcy laws ban prison for debt
Workhouses created to teach the poor “good work habits”
In general- New emphasis on rehabilitation rather than just imprisonment.
Reform = Belief that solitary confinement, hard labor and prayer would lead to reform.
Debtors = Bankruptcy laws passed in states ban prison for debt. Workhouses created to teach the poor good work habits

16. Prisons- Reform for Children
Houses of refuge created to house poor and delinquent children, but their policies were quite harsh (hard labor, harsh punishment)
“Orphan Train” created to ship orphaned or homeless children to the west to work on the frontier with adoptive families.
The majority of children in the Houses of Refuge were from Irish immigrant families.
There was criticism of the program by Catholic ministries who then set up their own orphanages.

17. Dorothea Dix
Advocated that prisons teach literacy, have libraries, reduce beatings, and separate men women and children and the sick from the general population
Believed that insanity was a disease that could be cured by medicine.
Encouraged the creation of hospitals and asylums for the mentally ill, rather than putting them in jail.
Successfully raised money to open several asylums.