1. Perceiving and Representing Structured Information using Objects

3. Organization Image based theories Structural 3D theories
Object perception: Object displays

4. Image Based vs Structure Theories
Template theories based on 2D image processing
In structural theories we extract the structure of a scene in terms of 3D primitives

5. Template theories
A template with simple morphing operations

6. Objects as patterns of (2D) patterns

10. Scenes (gist in 100 msec)
Patterns of patterns
Torralba and Oliva

11. Properties of Image Recognition
Remarkable image recognition memory
Up to 5 images for second in object identification
Applications in image searching interfaces
RSVP Rapid serial visual presentation

12. Perception of object structure

13. Geon Theory

14. Geon Theory 3D Primitives “Geons” Structural skeleton
Shape from shading
is also primitive

15. How Does the Brain Find Geons?

17. Canonical Views
To make things clear both component parts and the critical joints must be clear

18. Processing stages for recognition

19. The Geon Diagram Pourang Irani
3D shape primitives for architecture - entities and relationships
Surface texture and color for attributes

20. Pattern finding & Recognition
13% errors: 4.3 sec
sub-structure
22% memory
errors
26% errors 7.1 sec
sub-structure
42% memory
errors

21. Semantics On top of - relies on Underneath – support, foundation
Inside – containment (private code)
Attachment points (external interfaces; part_of relationships) more than topology
mid
Upper
Lower

22. Natural semantics Instances Dependency Multiplicity
Strength of Relationship

25. The Object Display (Wickens)
Use complex objects to fuse variables
Map entities to object parts
Map structure to object structure
Can be pictorial (simplified) – an engine + fuel tank
Map attributes to object attributes
- color, size, motion etc.

26. Object Display Vol : 45 L Temp: 45 deg Flow: 20% Solids: 23% 100 L
0.2/1.0
45 deg
Solids: 23%

27. Approx 1/3 errors with anesthiologists Dr George Blike

28. A medical ventilator
Such displays
Must be custom

29. Chart Junk (ducks) Tufte or Effective Communication

30. A Duck? (Tufte)

32. The concrete/abstraction tradeoff
Object displays may lead to lower errors
Lend themselves to overly literal interpretation. They are not general purpose.
Object displays must be custom designed
More abstract representations leave more room for interpretation (better support the creative process)

33. 2 ½ D design Use 3D objects to represent entities
Layout to make structure clear in 2D.
-Connections, basic shapes
Use canonical views

34. Holding attention -Object scene conflict
Used in advertising

35. Emotional and motivational effects

36. Conclusion
There is a great future in 3D object icons and object structures
It is happening anyway, but nice to know that it is not always “chart junk”.

37. Conclusions Visual space is non-homogenous
The plane orthogonal to the line of sight and the forward direction are very different.
A 21/2D design attitude recognizes the cost of actions.

38. 3D versus 2D 11.4% errors 3.7 sec sub-structure 21% errors 5.1 sec
20% memory
errors
34% memory
errors