1. Sir Isaac Newton’s Discovery

2. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS December 1642 – 20 March was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian and one of the most influential men in human history

4. In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge
Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in August of 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague.

5. In 1667 he returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity.[11]
Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,[10] Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics and the law of gravitation
In 1667 he returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity.[11]

6. Newton showed that white light is composed of light of all colors
Newton showed that white light is composed of light of all colors. He used a glass prism to illustrate this.

8. Electromagnetic Spectrum

9. Binomial Theorem

10. Pascal’s Triangle

12. Newton’s discovery

13. Newton could now apply this formula to fractional exponents

14. He could now write binomials to fractional exponents

15. A replica of a Newton reflecting telescope that he presented to theRoyal Society in 1672[15].

18. Cassagrain Telescope

19. Image of a refracting telescope from the Cincinnati Observatory in 1848

21. Woodcut illustration of a 45 m (150 ft) focal length Keplerian astronomical refracting telescope built by Johannes Hevelius. From his book Machina coelestis (first part), published in 1673.

22. Robert Hooke FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) Hooke challenged Newton’s ideas. Newton had no stomach for controversy, so he stopped showing his ideas.

23. Edmond Halley FRS  (8 November 1656 – 14 January 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.

24. Plaque in South Cloister of Westminster Abbey

25. Halley told Newton that he and others were working on a problem:
Find the Force of Attraction by the sun that will cause the planetary orbits to be elliptical
Newton replied that he had solved this problem earlier. The solution is an inverse square law.
Halley then urged Newton to publish this and other results.

27. Newton's own copy of his Principia, with hand-written corrections for the second edition

28. Although Newton had invented the calculus and used it to derive many of his results, he choose to write the Principia in geometric language.
This is because the modern algebraic form of analysis was not yet seen as a suitable form for writing mathematical ideas.
It would take another 50 years before analysis would finally end the tyranny that geometric thinking held over mathematics.

30. Nothing like them had been seen before.
Newton’s three Universal Laws of Motiopn were a giant first in the history of science.
Nothing like them had been seen before.
Before Newton, men observed nature and tried to describe nature in geometric (mathematical) terms.
After Newton, we seek the fundamental laws. Then a particular problem is solved by using mathematics with the fundamental laws.

37. Application of Universal Laws
Find the vertical motion of a particle near the surface of the earth, neglecting air friction.
Initial Conditions: When t = 0,
y = h and v = dy/dt = v0

38. Use Second Law:

39. Initial condition 1: When,

40. Initial Condition 2: When,

45. Newton Derives Kepler’s Law of Areas
Line from the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times

48. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1 July 1646– 14 November 1716) was a German philosopher and mathematician

49. Controversy over who invented Calculus, Newton or Leibniz?
Today we believe that both men should share the discovery

50. Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by Sir James Thornhill

51. Newton enjoyed great fame in his final years
He was recognized throughout Europe as the most outstanding mathematician – scientist of his time (or maybe all time)

52. Newton statue on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History

53. Newton's grave in Westminster Abbey