1. BELLWORK: 12/11 What were the “three G” causes of exploration?
How did exploration impact trade? Give a specific example!
How did exploration impact native populations?
In your opinion, what was the biggest/most important effect of exploration? Why?
THINKER: Make a prediction  how will Renaissance values, the changing view of the church and exploration impact science?

2. The Scientific Revolution
“No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”
--Isaac Newton

3. The Middle Ages People believed: The earth was flat
The earth was the center of the universe
(God created the universe to serve people, therefore it was the center)
This idea was called the Geocentric Theory
Also used centuries-old myths & legends to explain events

4. Scientific Revolution
The exploration era motivated others to expand their understanding of science  Scientific Revolution!
A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas
Laid the foundation of modern science.

5. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Changing role of the Catholic church
New ideas & values - Questioning attitude (skepticism)
Increasing importance of math – key in navigation, military science & geography
Classicism – studied Greek & Roman mathematicians/scientists (Plato)
New approaches to seeking knowledge
Available literature (printing press)
New technology (telescope & microscope)
Exploration – showed the unknown
Read pgs & complete the worksheet.

6. Nicolaus Copernicus
In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge this old way of thinking
He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun
He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
This was called the Heliocentric Theory

7. Johannes Kepler German astronomer in the early 1600s
Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus
He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion)
Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

8. Galileo Galilei
In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth
He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

9. Galileo Continued…
In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas
He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

10. Francis Bacon Late 1500s/Early 1600s
Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

11. Isaac Newton
In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering)
Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for finding zeroes of a function
Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound and law of cooling

12. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force
F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

13. Scientific Revolution: Effects
Heliocentric Theory (Copernicus)
Laws of Planetary Motion (Kepler)
Planetary discoveries - moons, sunspots, planet composition, motion (Galileo)
Three Laws of Motion: Gravity (Newton)
Medical knowledge: dissecting human and animals, blood circulation, tools (syringe)
Chemistry: properties of gasses, elements
Increased role of women in science and education
New ways of thinking (rationalism)
New ways of studying science: theory, observation, experiment  Scientific Method (Bacon)

14. Connections….
How did the Scientific Revolution change scientific beliefs of the Middle ages?
What new ideas in the Scientific Revolution do you still study today?
Who was the most important scientist in the Scientific Revolution? Why?

15. REVIEW Copernicus Kepler Galileo Bacon Newton
Explain the main achievement of each scientist during the Scientific Revolution:
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Bacon
Newton
Make a prediction  How did the Catholic church respond to the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution?