1. MODERATE EARTHQUAKES IN CENTRAL ITALY ARE GRIM REMINDERS OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BUT DIDN’T THIS TIIME OCTOBER 26, 2016
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: October 27, 2016
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2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY
FLOODS
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
WINDSTORMS
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

3. ITALY

4. Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.

5. THE SHALLOW DEPTH (10 KM), EXACERBATED GROUND SHAKING
DAMAGE, BUT NO DEATHS REPORTED

6. SEISMICITY
TECTONIC
SETTING & FAULTS
EARTHQUAKE
HAZARDS MODEL

7. ITALY: SEISMICITY

8. LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES

9. ITALY: EARTHQUAKE ZONES

10. SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980
M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009

11. M6.9 SUNDAY MORNING NOVEMBER 23, 1980
IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE
M6.9
SUNDAY MORNING
NOVEMBER 23, 1980

12. EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE

13. THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE
Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the M6.9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November 23, 1980.
The quake, centered near the village of Conza, killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless.

14. Building damage was distributed over more than 26,000 km², including Naples and Salerno

15. PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED
Eighty percent of Sant’Angelo Dei Lombardi was destroyed.
300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.

16. THESE DISASTERS EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS
UN—PROTECTED, OLD BUILDINGS
UN—PREPARED COMMUNITIES
UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
UN-ABLE TO RECOVER QUICKLY

17. FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OR NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED, INCREASINGING NO. OF DEATHS AND INJURIES
The 5 pm occurrence) instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the number of deaths.

18. DAMAGE
OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO DAMAGE FROM STRONG GROUND SHAKING

19. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE DURING RECONSTRUCTION
The Italian government spent 59,000 billion lire on reconstruction.
Other nations sent contributions: West Germany contributed 32 million USD and the USA 70 million USD.[3]

20. A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

21. Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

22. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen

23. THE REASONS ARE . . .
When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.

24. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.

25. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

26. THE REASONS ARE . . .
The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

27. TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

28. ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
RISK
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION

29. QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
QUAKE HAZARDS
INVENTORY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
ITALY’S COMMMUNITIES
PREPAREDNESS
PROTECTION
FORECASTS/SCENARIOS
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
RECOVERY and
RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

30. ITALY: RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR EXP.T. )

31. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

32. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

33. PGA MAP: 10 % EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME

34. IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
EXPOSURE
MODEL

35. QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY
MODEL

36. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME V VI
VII
VIII IX
INTENSITY

37. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

38. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE