1. An age of Revolutions Performer - Culture & Literature
Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella,
Margaret Layton © 2012

2. 1. The Industrial Revolution
CAUSES
Great increase in population towards 1750
Greater demand for pots, beer
and clothes
Need for more efficient production. England changed from a farming to an industrial country
Performer - Culture&Literature

3. 1. The Industrial Revolution
The ‘Revolution’ implied
New technologies and inventions
The development of the factory system
New sources of power and transport
Performer - Culture&Literature

4. 1. The Industrial Revolution
The most important inventions were:
James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny  a worker could work eight spools at once.
Richard Arkwright’s water frame  used water power.
A spinning jenny
Performer - Culture&Literature

5. 1. The Industrial Revolution
James Watt’s steam engine  factories built on coal and iron fields of Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Scotland and South Wales
cloth manufactured
more cheaply
Changes in transport
transport was made more efficient;
new waterways were built;
road conditions were improved.
Performer - Culture&Literature

6. 2. The Agrarian Revolution
The widespread enclosure of ‘open fields’ and common land aimed at making larger, more efficient farms.
improvements in the selective breeding of cattle to produce more meat
improvements in farming techniques such as crop rotation and mechanisation
The English Leicester, a breed of sheep Coke introduced into Norfolk and cross-bred with the native Norfolk Horn
Performer - Culture&Literature

7. 3. Industrial society
‘Mushroom towns’  small towns built near the factories to house the workers
Terrible living conditions
lacked elementary public services;
air and water pollution;
houses built in endless rows;
overcrowding.
Performer - Culture&Literature

8. 3. Industrial society Working conditions
women and children increasingly paid less and easier to control;
long working hours;
rational division of labour;
mechanisation.
Performer - Culture&Literature

9. 3. Industrial society Life expectancy of the poor
below twenty years due to
Incessant toil
disease
heavy drinking to bear fatigue and alienation
Performer - Culture&Literature

10. 4. The American War of Independence
Causes
New taxes to the American colonies. One tax was on the importation of tea.
Consequences
The ‘Boston Tea Party’ (1773)  the rebels threw tea imported from Britain into the
harbour.
Their motto ‘No taxation without representation’.
Performer - Culture&Literature

11. The Americans were divided into
4. The American War of Independence
The Americans were divided into
‘Patriots’
had no army, knew the land;
supported by the French fleet which prevented the British navy from aiding the Loyalists.
‘Loyalists’
had an army,
the army was too small to both attack and defend what it had won.
the army was distant from supplies and orders.
Performer - Culture&Literature

12. 1776 American Declaration of Independence
4. The American War of Independence
1776 American Declaration of Independence
written by Thomas Jefferson
stated that
the colonies
= a new nation
all men have a natural right to ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’
governments can claim the right to rule if they have ‘the consent of the governed’
Performer - Culture&Literature

13. 4. The American War of Independence
Treaty of Versailles 1783
Britain recognised the independence of its former colonies.
The republic of the United States of America adopted a federal constitution in 1787.
George Washington became the first President.
Performer - Culture&Literature