1. Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)
Chapter 1
The Late Middle Ages:
Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)
#35-58

2. Learning Objectives Learning Objectives:
1. What were the social and economic consequences of the "Black Death?"
2. How did the Hundred Years' war contribute to a growing sense of national identity in France and England?
3. How did secular rulers challenge papal authority in the 14th and 15th Centuries?
4. How did Mongol rule shape Russia's development?

3. Chapter Outline Chapter Outline: I. The Black Death
II. The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment
III. Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
IV. Medieval Russia

4. Vocabulary/Questions
1. black death(35)
2. boyars(56)
3. Conciliar theory(55)
4. Curia(49)
5. Donatism(52)
6. Estates General(43)
7. Great Schism(53)
8. Hussites(52)
9. Jacquerie(44)
10. Lollards(52)
11. taille(41)

5. Questions Black Death:
1. What were the causes of the Black Death, and why did it spread do quickly throughout Western Europe? b. Where was it most virulent? c. How did it affect European society? d. How important do you think the disease was in changing the course of history?
The Hundred Years' War:
2. What were the underlying and precipitating causes of the Hundred Years' War? b. What advantages did each side have? c. Why were the French finally able to drive the English almost entirely out of France?

6. Questions The Late Medieval Church:
3. Why did Pope Boniface VIII quarrel with King Philip the Fair? b. Why was Boniface so important in the conflict?
c. How had political conditions changed since the reign of Pope Innocent III in the late twelfth century, and what did it mean for the Papacy?
4. How did the Church change from 1200 to 1450? b. What was its response to the growing power of monarchists?
c. How great an influence did the Church have on secular events?

7. Questions Avignon Papacy & The Great Schism:
5. What was the Avignon Papacy, and why did it occur? b. How did it affect the Papacy? c. What relationship did it have to the Great Schism? d. How did the Church become divided and how was it reunited? e. Why was the conciliar movement a setback for the Papacy?
6. Why were kings in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century able to control the Church more than the Church could control the kings? b. How did kings attack the Church during this period?

8. Black Death, 1348–1350 I. Preconditions & Causes of the Plague(#36-42)
1. Agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production
–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages

9. Black Death (cont.)
3. “Black Death” called that due to way it discolored human body
4. Bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rats from Black Sea area
5. Popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent
a. Aromatic amulets
b. Temperance & moderation
c. Promiscuity & abandon

10. Black Death (cont.)
6. Giovanni Boccaccio-Decameron (1353), wrote of human experiences during the outbreaks of the plague
7. Popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent
a. Flight & seclusion
b. Self-flagellation

11. © ARPL/HIP/The Image Works
A procession of flagellants at Tournai in Flanders in 1349, marching with the crucified Christ and scourging themselves in imitation of his suffering. © ARPL/HIP/The Image Works
A procession of flagellants at Tournai in Flanders in 1349, marching with the crucified Christ and scourging themselves in imitation of his suffering.
© ARPL/HIP/The Image Works

12. Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, NY
This illustration from the Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna (980–1037), whose Arabic name was Ibn Sina, shows him visiting the homes of rich patients. In the High Middle Ages, the Canon of Medicine was the standard medical textbook in the Middle East and Europe. Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, NY
This illustration from the Canon of Medicine by the Persian physician and philosopher Avicenna (980–1037), whose Arabic name was Ibn Sina, shows him visiting the homes of rich patients. In the High Middle Ages, the Canon of Medicine was the standard medical textbook in the Middle East and Europe.
Biblioteca Universitaria, Bologna, Italy. Scala/Art Resource, NY

13. Map 9–1 SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH Apparently introduced by seaborne rats from Black Sea areas where plague-infested rodents had long been known, the Black Death brought huge human, social, and economic consequences. One of the lower estimates of Europeans dying is 25 million. The map charts the plague’s spread in the mid-fourteenth century. Generally following trade routes, the plague reached Scandinavia by 1350, and some believe it then went on to Iceland and even Greenland. Areas off the main trade routes were largely spared.
Map 9–1 SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH Apparently introduced by seaborne rats from Black Sea areas where plague-infested rodents had long been known, the Black Death brought huge human, social, and economic consequences. One of the lower estimates of Europeans dying is 25 million. The map charts the plague’s spread in the mid-fourteenth century. Generally following trade routes, the plague reached Scandinavia by 1350, and some believe it then went on to Iceland and even Greenland. Areas off the main trade routes were largely spared.
(Pg#259)

14. Images of the Plague

15. Black Death (cont.) II. Economic consequences:
Dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans
Falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices—noble landowners hardest hit
Attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land  peasant revolts
Cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods

16. Black Death (cont.) III. Political/social consequences
Artisan guilds win some political power
Kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church

17. A Burial Scene from the Black Death Originating in Asia, the Black Death reached Europe around Raging for close to four years in some areas, the disease affected every class in European society and destroyed between a quarter to a third of the population. This illustration, The Burying of Plague Victims in Tournai, is from a 1349 manuscript entitled Annals of Gilles de Muisit. Tournai was a thriving trading center in Belgium at the time of the plague. The entire image is filled with those burying the dead and the many that wait to be buried. Approximately 7500 people died from the disease every day. Snark/Art Resource, NY
A Burial Scene from the Black Death Originating in Asia, the Black Death reached Europe around Raging for close to four years in some areas, the disease affected every class in European society and destroyed between a quarter to a third of the population. This illustration, The Burying of Plague Victims in Tournai, is from a 1349 manuscript entitled Annals of Gilles de Muisit. Tournai was a thriving trading center in Belgium at the time of the plague. The entire image is filled with those burying the dead and the many that wait to be buried. Approximately 7500 people died from the disease every day.
Snark/Art Resource, NY

18. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved
Death and the Physician, from the series Dance of Death. Death leads an old man to a physician and, standing between physician and patient, hands the physician a urine sample for examination. This 1545 woodcut by Hans Lützelburger, after Hans Holbein the Younger, can be seen as a commentary on the futility of the medical profession in its attempts to ward off the inevitable. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved
Death and the Physician, from the series Dance of Death. Death leads an old man to a physician and, standing between physician and patient, hands the physician a urine sample for examination. This 1545 woodcut by Hans Lützelburger, after Hans Holbein the Younger, can be seen as a commentary on the futility of the medical profession in its attempts to ward off the inevitable.
The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved

19. The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment (#42-46)
I. The Hundred Years’ War
1. Nominal cause: English king Edward III’s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328–1350)
2. Larger cause: English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry
3. French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord

20. Archives Snark International/Art Resource, NY
Edward III pays homage to his feudal lord Philip VI of France. Legally, Edward was a vassal of the king of France. Archives Snark International/Art Resource, NY
Edward III pays homage to his feudal lord Philip VI of France. Legally, Edward was a vassal of the king of France.
Archives Snark International/Art Resource, NY

21. Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
II. First Phase
1. First phase (under Edward III) Flanders allies
with England, recognizing Edward as king of
France, 1340English seize Calais, 1346
2. English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king
John II taken captive
treaty: John II ransomed, English claims
in France recognized, Edward renounces claim
to French throne

22. Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
II. Second phase (Treaty of Troyes)
1. English war effort flags due to peasant
revolts
2. Recommences with English victory at
Agincourt, 1415
3. Duchy of Burgundy joins English
4. Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English
Henry V successor to French Charles VI,
but both soon die

23. Map 9–2 THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR The Hundred Years’ War went on intermittently from the late 1330s until These maps show the remarkable English territorial gains up to the sudden and decisive turning of the tide of battle in favor of the French by the forces of Joan of Arc in 1429.
Map 9–2 THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR The Hundred Years’ War went on intermittently from the late 1330s until These maps show the remarkable English territorial gains up to the sudden and decisive turning of the tide of battle in favor of the French by the forces of Joan of Arc in 1429.

24. Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
III. Third phase (Joan of Arc)
1. French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares
call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from
English
2. Tired English repulsed, followed by string of
French victories
3. Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic
at English-held Rouen
4. English forced back, conclude war with Calais
as only French possession (1453)

25. Hundred Years’ War (cont.)
IV. Summary:
1. 68 years of peace, 44 of war; France
devastated, but national feeling awakened;
2. English & French peasants suffer most from
taxes & services

26. A contemporary portrait of Joan of Arc (1412–1431).
A contemporary portrait of Joan of Arc (1412–1431). Anonymous, 15th century. “Joan of Arc.” Franco-Flemish miniature. Archives Nationales, Paris, France. Photograph copyright Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
A contemporary portrait of Joan of Arc (1412–1431).
Anonymous, 15th century. “Joan of Arc.” Franco-Flemish miniature. Archives Nationales, Paris, France.
Photograph copyright Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY

27. Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church (#46-56)
1. Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually—undermined popular support
2. Innocent’s successors: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment

28. Late Medieval Church (cont.)
3. Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy of church, made it vulnerable

29. Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314)
3. French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent
4. French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes

30. Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314)
5. Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as
confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting
subordination of temporal to spiritual power
6.French army assault & molest Boniface, who
later dies
7.Result: popes never again seriously threaten
European rulers

31. Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303), depicted here, opposed the taxation of the clergy by the kings of France and England and issued one of the strongest declarations of papal authority over rulers, the bull Unam Sanctam. This statue is in the Museo Civico, Bologna, Italy. Statue of Pope Boniface VIII. Museo Civico, Bologna. Scala/Art Resource, NY
Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303), depicted here, opposed the taxation of the clergy by the kings of France and England and issued one of the strongest declarations of papal authority over rulers, the bull Unam Sanctam. This statue is in the Museo Civico, Bologna, Italy.
Statue of Pope Boniface VIII. Museo Civico, Bologna. Scala/Art Resource, NY

32. Dorling Kindersley Media Library. Geoff Dann © The British Museum
Papal ring: gold with an engraving on each side and set with a square stone. Dorling Kindersley Media Library. Geoff Dann © The British Museum
Papal ring: gold with an engraving on each side and set with a square stone.
Dorling Kindersley Media Library. Geoff Dann © The British Museum

33. Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) 8.Pope Clement V moves papal court here to
escape strife of Rome
9.To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and
sale of indulgences begins
10.Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful
Avignon pope

34. John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John Huss (d. 1415)
I. Challenges within the Catholic Faith:
1. Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English
spokesman for rights of royalty against popes;
challenged indulgences, papal infallibility,
transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism
2. Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University
of Prague—similar to Lollards

35. A portrayal of John Huss as he was led to the stake at Constance
A portrayal of John Huss as he was led to the stake at Constance. After his execution, his bones and ashes were scattered in the Rhine River to prevent his followers from claiming them as relics. This pen-and-ink drawing is from Ulrich von Richenthal’s Chronicle of the Council of Constance (ca. 1450). CORBIS/Bettmann
A portrayal of John Huss as he was led to the stake at Constance. After his execution, his bones and ashes were scattered in the Rhine River to prevent his followers from claiming them as relics. This pen-and-ink drawing is from Ulrich von Richenthal’s Chronicle of the Council of Constance (ca. 1450). CORBIS/Bettmann

36. Justice in the late Middle Ages
Justice in the late Middle Ages. Depicted are the most common forms of corporal and capital punishment in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At top: burning, hanging, drowning. At center: blinding, quartering, the wheel, cutting of hair (a mark of great shame for a freeman). At bottom: thrashing, decapitation, amputation of hand (for thieves). Herzog August Bibliothek
Justice in the late Middle Ages. Depicted are the most common forms of corporal and capital punishment in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At top: burning, hanging, drowning. At center: blinding, quartering, the wheel, cutting of hair (a mark of great shame for a freeman). At bottom: thrashing, decapitation, amputation of hand (for thieves).
Herzog August Bibliothek

37. Great Schism (1378–1417) II. Challenges between the Popes
Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes;
England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement
3. Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative
council could regulate actions of pope
4. Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban &
Clement (who refused to step down), elected
Alexander V—three contending popes
5. Council of Constance (1414–1417): provided for regular councils every few years

38. Great Schism (cont.)
6. Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar
government of church; negotiated directly with
heretics (Hussites)
7. Results of conciliar movement: greater religious
responsibility to laity & secular governments