1. Early Societies in Southwest Asia and Indo-European Migrations

2. Civilizations, characteristics and the effects of development
Civilizations are a populated area with important features for surviving
Characteristics
Towns and cities coming together to form bigger communities (sumerians and semitic)
Economic centers for merchants to sell items
Cultural centers for priests and religions
Traveling to other cities for trade
Government officials assigning jobs to those living in the society
Effects of complexity
Expanded education to others since they needed workers
They learned to make the first irrigation systems
Populations began to grow rapidly since they were advancing

3. Where They Developed and Why
Development
They developed in the “place name” Mesopotamia
Developed independently, away from other civilizations
Known as the land in between rivers
Had very important geographic features (such as dry soils for farming)
Why they developed there
Great for agriculture and the climate changes
They were able to take advantage of the land since the trade routes ran North-South and East-West

4. What is a State, Who Ruled Yours and Who Supported the Ruler
STATE: formal government institutions that wielded authority throughout their territories
Rulers
The early states had kings for rulers
The first king was Sargon of Akkad who was very into conquering other states
The following king was Hammurabi (king of four quarters) and he was followed the first kings techniques
Who Supported the Rulers
The rich classes supported the king since the state became one of the wealthiest
The poorer classes would not support the rulers since they were treated unfairly

5. Did The State Expand Why or Why Not
Expansion
Yes the state was able expand and conquer the states that surrounded them
Why
They expanded because of king Sargon of Akkad
He recruited armies of hundred thousands to take over states
His army continued to grow as they conquered other states since he recruited people from those states as well
After that other kings and rulers followed with similar ideals

6. The Roles Pastoral Civilizations played in Building Empires
Had Newly Developed Ways of Transportation
wheeled vehicles & sailing ships
allowed people to hold, transport, and trade long distances with large amounts of goods
ships were used to explore, travel, and trade into various gulfs and valleys
Upgraded Tools and Weapons
crafted tools, armor, swords, axes, spears, and armor from bronze metal
Bronze metal, impacted military affairs
Bronze knives and plows were used by farmers, instead of using bone
In 1000 B.C.E Mesopotamian craftsmen used iron and bronze to manufacture weapons and tools

7. Culture’s Role in Unifying Populations
Used literature to express ideas, solve problems, and reflect on humans
epics expressed different themes (friendship, meaning of life, and relationships between human and god)
Epic of Gilgamesh, is an example of their literature
Incorporated laws into Society
set of laws, Hammurabi’s Laws
Hammurabi’s Laws protected women and economic interest
Monumental Art
Art would have images of different myths, and writings engraved in tablets
Religion
Believed in gods, which is told in literature, laws, & scriptures (Shamash and Anu ad Bel are some gods they believed in)

8. Early Civilization’s Architectural Forms
Palaces, temples, and defensive walls were all a part of Sumerian cities
Ziggurats were also created for housing temples and alters to the diety
had irrigation systems to support urban society and agriculture
Reservoirs and canal networks were able to expand as the population grew

9. The Development of Art in the Ancient Civilization
High Mesopotamian ruling class encouraged the development of art in Sumerian Civilization
Large construction projects
Beautiful capital cities were built
The decorations would act as a reflection of the status of the ruling class

10. Form of Writing that Developed in Southwest Asia
•Cuneiform writing is a writing system that uses graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, ideas, and physical ideas
•Cuneiform Writing is a writing system that depends on pictures and is useful for keeping records or communicating abstract ideas.
• Cuneiform writing began in about 2,900 B.C.E.
•In 1,500 B.C.E. an early alphabetic script was made, consisting of 22 symbols (which were all consonants, no vowels)

11. Relationships Between Literature and Culture
•The Epic of Gilgamesh
•The Epic of Gilgamesh reflected on themes of friendship,relations between humans and gods, the meaning of life, and the inevitability of death
•The Epic of Gilgamesh helped people to learn about moral issues
•They started to write to communicate abstract ideas, investigate intellectual and religious problems, and reflect on humans place in the world

12. Religions that Strongly Influenced Later Eras
•Hebrews and Mesopotamians believed in nature spirits (trees,rocks,mountains) that protected their clan
•Monotheism taught that there was only one god, Yahweh, and all other gods were imposters
•Yahweh was a powerful deity, and ‘creator amid the world’
•Kings of Israelites established a temple in honor of Yahweh
•Yahweh expected his followers to worship him alone. He demanded that they observe high moral and ethical standards
•Yahweh warned his followers against things like theft, lying, adultery, and murder. He made them follows the Ten Commandments

13. Trade Routes and Outside People that Southwest Asia Utilized
•Southwest Asia traded with Mesopotamians, the Harappan society, and Anatolia,
•Merchants had to travel regularly by donkey, usually 1,000 miles or more
•Merchants often returned with no less than 10 pounds of silver

14. How did Social and Gender Identities Develop?
•Men were seen as better, or more superior compared to women
•Very few women advised kings and governments. There were no women rulers or women with high titles, like men
•Lots of women had good jobs and were educated. Some were even priestesses that managed huge estates belong to temples. Most women were shopkeepers, brewers, bakers, tavern keepers, and textile manufacturers.
•Men controlled the social and sexual behavior of women. Men heavily insisted on taking the virginity of their brides at marriage
•Women had to wear veils outside of their home to discourage attention from other men

15. Thank you for learning about our Chapter!!
Kayla H
Ella M
Nadia C