1. Teknologi Dan Rekayasa
HAND TOOLS

2. FILES
Objectives :
After studying this unit, the student should be able to :
Identify and describe the common classifications of files
Properly care for and use a file
Select the proper file for the job.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

3. FILES
The file is cutting tool which has a large number of teeth cut diagonally on the face. Most file are made of a high grade tool steel and are hardened and tempered. Files are manufactured in a variety of shapes and sizes adaptable to the job at hand. They are identified according to the characteristic of the cross section, the general shape, or the particular use. The cuts of file must be considered when selecting them for various types of work and materials.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 3

4. FILES
Files are used to square the ends of band iron and other shapes of iron, to file rounded corners on heavy iron, to remove burrs, slivers and fins sheets or jobs, to straighten uneven edges, to file holes and slots, to smooth soldered joints, and to file soldering copper. Filing also smoothes rough surface.
The file must be clean and the handle, tight. The most suitable method of filing depends on the size, shape, and position of the particular job.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 4

5. PARTS OF FILES
The parts of file are known as the tang, heel, face, edge, and point.
The length of a file is measured from the heel to the point, not including the tang.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 5

6. PARTS OF FILES The parts of file are defined as follow :
Tang : that part of a file to which the handle is fitted
Heel : a small portion next to the tang which has no teeth
Face : that surface of the file upon which the teeth are cut
Edge : the narrow portion between the face
Point : the point is the tip of the file
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

7. PARTS OF FILES
Handle : wood or composition formed for convenient use and fitted to the tang of the file proper. The size of the file and the nature of the work determine the size of the handle necessary for proper balance.
CAUTION :
The file should not be used with a loose handle or without a handle because the tang may be driven into the palm of the hand, causing injury
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

8. PARTS OF FILES Fig. 1. Part of file HANDLE TANG LENGTH FACE HEEL EDGE
POINT
EDGE
FACE
LENGTH
TANG
HANDLE
Fig. 1. Part of file
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

9. SHAPE OF FILES
The proper selection of a file for the job requires a knowledge of the various shapes and their applications. The flat, mill, hand and pillar files have about the same cross section, but the shape of the sides differs.
A flat file is used to file flat surface.
The mill file is an all purpose file especially adapted for finish filing.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

10. SHAPE OF FILES
The hand and pillar files have save edges to prevent cutting both sides of a corner at the same time.
Half round files are used on concave surface and large radii, while round files are better suited to smaller radii.
The square, round, three square, and half round files can be used to file holes of various shapes
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 10

11. SHAPE OF FILES = Flat = Half round = Square = Round = Three square
= Knife
Fig. 2. The shapes of files
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 11

12. CUTS OF FILES
Files are made in two types of cut, the single cut and the double cut. The teeth of file vary fineness (smoothness) and arrangement. Both single cut and double cut types have teeth cut parallel to each other for the length of the file.
Single cut file have a single set of teeth cut at an angle of 65 to 85 degree. These are used for filing thin work (sheets) and for finishing. All standard mill files are single cut.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 12

13. CUT OF FILES
Double cut files have two set of teeth that cross each other. One set is cut at an angle of 40 to 45 degrees, the other set is cut at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. One set is cut deeper than the other. The teeth are a series of points. Because double cut files remove material faster than single cut files, they are used for roughing.
The smoother files are used for finishing, and the rougher files for roughing and cutting soft materials.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 13

14. CUT OF FILES = Rough cut = bastard cut = second cut = smooth cut
= dead smooth cut
Fig. 3. Cuts of files
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

15. HOW TO CARE FOR FILES
Always chalk a new file to keep the teeth from filling up.
Break in a new file on a broad surface since the teeth are apt to catch and break if broken in on narrow edge
Hold the work or sheet rigidly so that it does not chatter to avoid breaking the teeth of the file
When filing, raise the tool slightly on the return stroke. The teeth are designed to cut on the forward stroke only
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

16. HOW TO CARE FOR FILES
5. Do not file rapidly because cutting is not efficient.
Clean file frequently since particles tend to lodge between the teeth, reducing the cutting ability of the file
File light gage sheet lengthwise whenever possible
Never use a file as a hammer or a pry bar. Files chip upon impact and break very easily. Flying chips are dangerous
Never heat a file it removes the temper
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 16

17. HOW TO CARE FOR FILES
Store files in a special place. Contact with other tools damage the teeth, thus reducing efficiency. A rack which keeps the files separated protects the tools
Use the lead float file for filing solder and soldering coppers
Fit files with a handle that has a metal ferrule whenever possible. This prevents splitting and increases safety
Tap handles onto the until a snug fit is made. Nothing is gained by driving a handle on all the way
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 17

18. HOW TO CLEAN A FILES
Use the wire brush side of the file card and brush parallel with the file teeth to remove particles of metal
To remove remaining particles of metal which are pinned between the teeth, push the fillings out with the wire scorer on the other side of the card
To remove soft metal particles from the file, use piece of hard wood. Push the block across the file parallel with the teeth so that an impression of the file teeth is cut into the block. This action dislodges the particles from the teeth.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 18

19. HOW TO CLEAN A FILES
If a smooth finishing cut is desired, cut chalk lengthwise on the file. This practice keeps chips from clogging the teeth and scratching the work because the chalk fills the spaces between the teeth to prevent particles from clinging to the file
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 19

20. HOW TO FILE Select the proper file CAUTION :
A file should always be fitted with a handle to prevent the point from being driven into the hand. If the handle is loose, tighten it by tapping the wooden handle with a mallet
Clamp the work to be filed in a vise. If the work has finished surfaces, use soft jaws in the vise to prevent marring the surfaces. When possible, the work should be held at the level of the elbow of the workman as to files. This position enables him to get the full swing of his arms from his shoulder
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 20

21. HOW TO FILE RIGHT WRONG CLAMP THE WORK IN A VISE SELECT A VISE
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 21

22. HOW TO FILE
Grasp the file in the right hand with the thumb resting on top of the handle. The thumb is placed on top of the handle to assist in guiding the file.
Stand at the vise and hold the file parallel to the surface to be filed. The point of the file should be grasped with the thumb and the first two fingers
Push the file and bear down on the forward stroke
CAUTION :
Do not rock the file to prevent an uneven surface
6. Release the pressure and return the file to the original position for the next stroke
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 22

23. HOW TO FILE THE CORRECT WAY TO GRASP A FILE CORRECT POSITION
WHILE FILING
THE CORRECT WAY
TO GRASP A FILE
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 23

24. HOW TO FILE
FILING STROKES OF FLAT
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 24

25. HOW TO FILE
CAUTION :
If the pressure is not released, the teeth will wear excessively or the damage
Test the work frequently with a square or scale to determine whether the filing is straight or square.
When finish filing, use a fine cut file. Grasp the file handle with the thumb and index finger of the right hand, resting the end of the handle lightly against the base of the thumb. The end of the file is guided with the thumb and index finger of the left hand with the end of the thumb on top and the tip of the index finger beneath.
9. Test the finished work with a straightedge or a combination square.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 25

26. HOW TO FILE CORNERS Outside Corners
Clamp the work in a vise so that the lay out line is above the vise jaws
Rough file to the lay out line by filing across the piece
Reduce the corner with a series of corner until the required radius is obtained
Finish filing with a fine cut file by following the rounded surface

27. HOW TO FILE CORNERS Inside Corners
Select a single cut file of the proper shape to suit the outline of the opening. Use a hand or pillar file with a safe edge for square corners and file across the edge. For curved corners, use around or a half round file and give the file a slight twist on the corners.
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 27

28. HOW TO REMOVE BURRS AND SMOOTH JAGGED, SHARP EDGES
Select a single cut file which has been broken in properly
Hold the work in a vise or clamp it on a bench, depending on its size
For short distance, file across the edge. When the edges are long, hold the file at a slight angle to the edge and push the file long the edge for the entire length of the sheet. A champered edge is produced in the same way.
CAUTION :
when filing with one hand, place the forefinger instead of the thumb on top of the file in order to control the tool better
Teknologi dan Rekayasa 28

29. THE END
Teknologi dan Rekayasa