1. The Scientific Method
Mr. Soria
Science

2. Objectives
You will be able to explain and demonstrate the scientific method during investigations
You will be able to recognize and differentiate between experimental, comparative and descriptive investigations.
You will be able to plan and design scientific investigations

3. PAY ATTENTION!!!

4. Check for Understanding
What are the Objectives?

5. Terms Ethics Cosmos Compare Describe Science Investigation Variable
Control
Constant
Phenomena
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Data
Analysis
Conclusion and Communication

6. Science
It is the study of the Cosmos (everything) based on information gathered through investigation and experimentation.
It is not religion or philosophy
However learning about our World and all the things in it can be spiritual
Science uses philosophy to debate the ethical use of science

7. The Method Orange Quiet Hippies Probably Eat Dark Almond Chocolate
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Data
Analysis
Conclusion and Communication

8. Observation

9. Observation
We observe our world using our senses sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
But we have other sense as well what are they?
How do we observe things that are beyond the senses we have? Discuss TPS

10. Question or Problem
Who
What
When
Where
WHY
HOW

11. Question or Problem Why is this happening? How is this happening?
What causes this to happen?
How can we solve this?
Why is this important to people?
Where does this happen?

12. Question/Problem
Your observations should lead you to questions about what you are observing.
Some of the most fundamental questions is science focus on figuring out what is happening and what is the cause.
Come up with 1 scientific question about anything your interested in. TPS

13. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an educated guess. What makes that different from a regular guess?

14. Hypothesis
A regular guess is random and has no information to support it.
A hypothesis has information to support it and is our best attempt at explaining phenomena that we have observed before we do an investigation.
Give us a hypothesis for your observation TPS

15. Which is which?
I think there used to be giant reptiles because we found weird bones deep in the ground that don’t match anything alive now.
I think it will be cold March because no mas.

16. Prediction This is the earliest stage of designing an experiment.
You predict the best way to test your hypothesis and what you think the conclusion will be.

17. Experiment
This is how we test our hypothesis, there other ways to investigate but an experiment uses a given situation to test if a variable can affect something and how much of an affect is produced.
It is specific, precise and can be repeated by other people in other places.

18. Experiment

19. Experiment
You need an independent variable to manipulate and dependent variable to test
You need to design your experiment to fairly test your hypothesis.
We design our experiments to prove us WRONG.
Why? TPS
Your conclusion is whatever the evidence says!!
Do we repeat? Why? How many times?

20. DATA!!

21. Data
DAY TUH is information that is collected from a scientific investigation it includes measured properties (quantitative) think cuanto
It can also include descriptive data like colors, preference, and other methods of classification (qualitative) think cualidades.
Qualitative is data that describes a trait or characteristic
Quantitative data gives us the amount of something.

22. I SAID PAY ATTENTION!!!

23. Analysis When we analyze data we are looking for patterns.
Patterns suggest a relationship between the things being tested
Patterns DO NOT mean cause and effect we do more experiments to determine that.
Give me an example of two things that are related but don’t cause each other.

24. Conclusion and Communication
After we have analyzed our data we draw a conclusion about what we have learned and equally important what questions still need to be answered.
We share this information not only to share what we learned but also to challenge others to help prove or disprove our results and conclusion.

25. Sharing Information Makes Science Stronger

26. Check for Understanding
What are the important parts of an experiment?
What are the two types of Data how are they different?
What is being predicted in the prediction step of the scientific method
What are the ways we observe things?
Hypothesis is different from a regular guess in what way?

27. Measurement and Conversion
Quantitative data measure properties in science by amount.
Length or distance is measured in meters (m, km, cm)
Mass is the amount of matter in an object and is measured in grams (g, kg, mg)
Volume is the amount of space something takes up and is measured in liters (l, ml, kl)

28. Measurement Cont.
Speed is the distance an object travels in a given amount of time measured in meters per second (mps), kilometers per hour (kph), or miles per hour (mph).
Density is the amount of matter that can fit in a space and is measured in grams per centimeter squared or grams per milliliter squared (g/cm2) or (g/ml2)

29. Other Units Energy is measured in Joules (21J)
Force is measured in Newtons (46N)
Distance within a solar system is measured in astronomical units (AU)
Distance between stars and galaxies is measured in light years.
Temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin
Time is measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years etc.

30. Conversion

31. What do we do

32. How we do it

33. Conversion Chart

34. Graphs
After we have done our research and investigation we have to present our conclusion in a way that people can understand
One of the best ways to communicate results is a visual presentation of the DATA.

35. Pie Chart

36. Pie Chart
A pie chart represents proportions of categories based the number 100.
These numbers are given as percentages of a whole the entire pie equals 100% so if we add all the slices they should equal 100%.
Pie charts are good for showing the proportion of a category

37. For Example
If we survey the entire school to see what is the favorite pet between dogs cats fish and birds we have a total of 4 categories.
If we survey 100 people and we get the same number of answers per category then each slice will be 25% because 25 X 4 = 100

40. Bar Graph
A Bar Graph represents the amounts of different categories compared to each other.
These can be represented vertically or horizontally

42. Examples

43. Line Graph
Line Graphs represent the relationship between two variables. As one changes so does the other (if there is a relationship)
There is an independent and dependent variable.
The Dependent variable changes as the Independent variable is changed

46. Experimental Investigations
Determine how a variable affects a group
Include all parts of an experiment
Include the following parts of scientific inquiry
Observations
Scientific Question
Hypothesis
Procedure
Variables: Independent and Dependent
Control and experimental group
Data, Graphs, Analysis
Conclusion
Example: Test the effect of a fertilizer on a species of plant using a control group that does not receive any fertilizer.

47. Comparative Investigations
Compare the effect of a variable on two or more groups
Includes all the parts of an experiment except the control group
Include the following parts of scientific inquiry
Observations
Scientific Question
Hypothesis
Procedure
Variables: Independent and Dependent
Data, Graphs, Analysis
Conclusion
Example: Which leaf A or B has a greater rate of transpiration?

48. Descriptive Investigations
Involve describing and/or quantifying parts of a natural system.
Has a research question, procedures, and conclusion.
Used when little is known about the topic.
No hypothesis or prediction
Key words: Observe, describe, list, identify.
Example – observing cells under a microscope and diagramming what is seen.