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Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function"— Presentation transcript:

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2 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function
Section 1: Cell Discovery and Theory Section 2: The Plasma Membrane Section 3: Structures and Organelles Section 4: Cellular Transport

3 All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory The Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. All cells come from preexisting cells.

4 Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory Light Microscopes Utilizes a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size

5 Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons at a cell to produce
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory Electron Microscopes Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons at a cell to produce an image Magnifies images up to 500,000 times the actual size 9560x Microscopy Links

6 Contains a plasma membrane
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory Prokaryotic Cell Simple structure Contains a plasma membrane Does not contain membrane-bound organelles 11,000x

7 More complex structure
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory Eukaryotic Cell More complex structure Contains a plasma membrane Contains membrane-bound organelles 400x

8 Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment Allows nutrients into the cell Allows waste to leave the cell

9 Selective Permeability
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Selective Permeability The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Plasma Membrane Controls the amount of a substance entering the cell Controls the amount of a substance leaving the cell

10 The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid molecule is composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.

11 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to “float” in the membrane. Other Components Proteins Cholesterol Carbohydrates

12 Transmit signals inside the cell Act as a support structure
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Proteins Transmit signals inside the cell Act as a support structure Provide pathways for substances to enter and leave

13 Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

14 Identify chemical signals
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 The Plasma Membrane Carbohydrates Identify chemical signals

15 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

16 Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles Plant and Animal Cell Structures Animal Cell Plant Cell Visualizing Plant and Animal Cell Structures Cellular Pursuit

17 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles

18 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles

19 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles

20 7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles

21 Short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Structures and Organelles Cilia Short, numerous projections that look like hairs 400x Flagella Longer and less numerous than cilia Create movement with a whiplike motion 26,367x

22 Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Passive Transport Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy Three Modes of Passive Transport Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

23 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Diffusion Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Initial Conditions Diffusion Low High High Low

24 Diffusion is controlled by
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Diffusion is controlled by Temperature Pressure Concentration Dynamic Equilibrium Reached when diffusion of material into the cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell Molecules continue to move, but the overall concentration remains the same.

25 Diffusion in a Cell 7.4 Cellular Transport Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Diffusion in a Cell

26 Facilitated Diffusion
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Facilitated Diffusion Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins

27 Channel Proteins Carrier Proteins 7.4 Cellular Transport Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Channel Proteins Carrier Proteins

28 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

29 Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Three Types of Solutions Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

30 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function

31 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Isotonic Solution Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate. Plant Cell Blood Cell 11,397x

32 Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Hypotonic Solution Solute concentration is higher inside the cell. Water diffuses into the cell. Plant Cell Blood Cell 13,000x

33 Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Hypertonic Solution Solute concentration is higher outside the cell. Water diffuses out of the cell. Plant Cell Blood Cell 13,000x

34 Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Active Transport Movement of particles across the cell membrane using energy Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins

35 Types of Active Transport Pumps
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Types of Active Transport Pumps Na+/K+ ATPase pump Moves three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions into the cell Sodium-Potassium Pump

36 Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Cellular Transport Endocytosis Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell Exocytosis Secretion of material out of the plasma membrane

37 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

38 If you wanted to see a three-dimensional
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Diagnostic Questions If you wanted to see a three-dimensional image of DNA from a live specimen, which type of microscope would you use? scanning electron microscope transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscope simple light microscope

39 Which is not a part of the cell theory?
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a part of the cell theory? Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living things. All living things are composed of one or more cells. Cells arise only from previously existing cells. Cells are produced spontaneously as an organism grows.

40 Which cell organelles are directly involved with
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which cell organelles are directly involved with the production of proteins? ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus cell membrane, lysosome, Golgi apparatus nucleus, centriole, vacuole endoplasmic reticulum, cilia, mitochondrion

41 Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed microscopes that
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Formative Questions True or False Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed microscopes that enabled them to see organelles within the cells they observed.

42 Which type of electron microscope directs
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Formative Questions Which type of electron microscope directs electrons over the surface of a nonliving specimen, producing a three-dimensional image? transmission electron microscope scanning electron microscope scanning tunneling electron microscope atomic force microscope

43 All cells, whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic, have a plasma membrane.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Formative Questions True or False All cells, whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic, have a plasma membrane.

44 What feature of eukaryotic cells has enabled
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.1 Formative Questions What feature of eukaryotic cells has enabled them to develop more specific functions than prokaryotic cells? nucleus organelles genetic material (DNA) larger cell size

45 Which term describes the function of proteins
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 Formative Questions Which term describes the function of proteins found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane? identifiers receptors supporters transporters

46 Which component of the plasma membrane
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 Formative Questions Which component of the plasma membrane contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane? phospholipids proteins carbohydrates cholesterol molecules

47 What is the function of carbohydrates that
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.2 Formative Questions What is the function of carbohydrates that stick out from the outer surface of the plasma membrane? They give the cell shape and enable it to move. They give the plasma membrane fluidity. They help the cell identify chemical signals. They hold the cell in place.

48 In prokaryotic cells, where does the conversion
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Formative Questions In prokaryotic cells, where does the conversion of fuel particles into usable energy occur? cytoplasm DNA mitochondria ribosomes

49 Which organelle is similar to the section of a
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Formative Questions Which organelle is similar to the section of a factory that organizes, boxes, and ships the final product? chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus mitochondrion

50 In which structure is light energy captured and
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.3 Formative Questions In which structure is light energy captured and converted to chemical energy? chloroplast lysosome nucleus vacuole

51 Which type of cellular transport does not require an input of energy?
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Formative Questions Which type of cellular transport does not require an input of energy? active transport endocytosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion

52 How does osmosis occur between the
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Formative Questions How does osmosis occur between the two solutions separated by the selectively permeable membrane?

53 Sugar moves to the right. Water moves to the left.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Formative Questions Sugar moves to the left. Sugar moves to the right. Water moves to the left. Water moves to the right.

54 Which diagram shows a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function 7.4 Formative Questions Which diagram shows a cell in a hypotonic solution?

55 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Assessment Questions Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. Answer: Plant cells have both cell walls and chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have these structures. Only animal cells contain lysosomes. Both plant and animal cells have plasma membranes, a nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, a nucleolus, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton.

56 Identify the structure represented by this image.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Assessment Questions Identify the structure represented by this image. Answer: plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer

57 _______ is the net movement of particles from
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Assessment Questions _______ is the net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance. Diffusion Endocytosis Exocytosis Equilibrium

58 What is the magnification of a compound light
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice What is the magnification of a compound light microscope that uses a 10X lens in series with a 25X lens? 2.5X 25X 35X 250X

59 What part of the plasma membrane makes it
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice What part of the plasma membrane makes it difficult for water-soluble substances to move freely into and out of the cell? membrane proteins transport proteins the nonpolar tails in the middle of the plasma membrane the polar heads facing the inside and outside of the cell

60 Muscle cells require a great amount of energy.
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice Muscle cells require a great amount of energy. Which would you expect to find in large numbers in muscle cells? centrioles endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria ribosomes

61 In what type of cell would you most likely
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice In what type of cell would you most likely expect to find numerous lysosomes? a plant cell that stores food, enzymes, or other materials a plant cell that uses light energy for photosynthesis

62 In what type of cell would you most likely
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice In what type of cell would you most likely expect to find numerous lysosomes? a single-celled organism that moves around its environment a white blood cell that digests bacteria and viruses

63 Why are the carrier proteins that move
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice Why are the carrier proteins that move substances across a plasma membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called pumps?

64 They require energy to move substances
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Standardized Test Practice They require energy to move substances against a concentration gradient. They open and close to allow substances to diffuse across the plasma membrane. They help with the osmosis of water through the plasma membrane. They pump water into the cell, causing the pressure within the cell to increase.

65 Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Glencoe Biology Transparencies

66 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Image Bank

67 Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Image Bank

68 Section 1 Vocabulary cell cell theory plasma membrane prokaryotic cell
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Vocabulary Section 1 cell cell theory plasma membrane prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell organelle nucleus

69 Section 2 Vocabulary selective permeability phospholipid bilayer
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Vocabulary Section 2 selective permeability phospholipid bilayer transport protein fluid mosaic model

70 Section 3 Vocabulary cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosome nucleolus
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Vocabulary Section 3 cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosome nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vacuole lysosome centriole mitochondrion chloroplast cell wall cilium flagellum

71 Section 4 Vocabulary diffusion dynamic equilibrium
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Vocabulary Section 4 diffusion dynamic equilibrium facilitated diffusion osmosis isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution active transport endocytosis exocytosis

72 Visualizing Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function Animation Plasma Membrane Visualizing Plant and Animal Cell Structures Diffusion, Channel Proteins, and Carrier Proteins Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions Sodium-Potassium Pump

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