1. Earth’s Spheres & Branches of Earth Science

2. DSQ Daily Science Question
1. What is energy?
2. What is matter?
Energy is the ability to do work
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space

3. Label each layer of the atmosphere

4. Accessing Prior Knowledge
..\H.Illuminate_APK_Earth_Materials 2016.pdf

5. Group Activity
1. AS a group, you will receive one piece of chart paper.
2. You will be given 15 minutes to answer the following questions:
A. What does the word cycle mean to you?
B. List as many different cycles as you all can think of.
C. Why do you think cycles would be part of energy and matter concepts?

6. Discussion Questions 1. What did all these cycles have in common?
They all moved from one stage to another, some have beginnings and endings, usually occurring in a circle
2. Where in a life cycle is matter and energy involved?
All organisms are made of matter and need matter and energy to live and grow.

7. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
a group of interacting parts that work together to do a job or to form a whole.
Open Systems
Closed Systems

8. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
Open System
Matter and energy can flow into and out of the system.
Example: Uncovered pan of boiling water.

9. I will be able to describe and identify the two types of systems.
What is a System?
Systems
Closed System
Matter cannot enter or leave, energy can.
Example: Covered pan of boiling water.

10. What is the Earth’s System?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
What is the Earth’s System?
Earth System
A complex system made up of:
1. Matter
Living Things
Nonliving things.
2. Energy
--Ability to do work

11. What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work.
two main sources of energy:
1. Heat from the sun
2. Heat flowing out of Earth as it cools.

12. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

13. What is an organism?
Organism is any individual form of life that uses energy to carry out its activities.

14. Earth’s Spheres

15. Geosphere Sphere 1 Nearly all of Earth’s mass is found in this sphere
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
Sphere 1
Geosphere
Nearly all of Earth’s mass is found in this sphere
mostly made of solid, rocky parts of the Earth.

16. What is a Rock?
A rock is…
Naturally occurring solid composed of minerals and sometimes other materials such as organic matter.
3 types of rocks
1) igneous
2) Sedimentary
3) Metamorphic

17. All these materials are made into small particles
The Geosphere is made up of soil, rock & metal.
All these materials are made into small particles
I) Minerals must be
1. Naturally occurring,
2. inorganic
3. solids
4. Have crystal structures
5. Definite chemical compositions.
Physical Properties of Minerals:
-Color
-Streak (color of powder)
-Hardness (how easily a mineral can be scratched).
-Luster (how it reflects light)
-Crystal Shape

18. Geosphere layers Divided into 3 Layers 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
a. Inner Core
b. Outer Core

19. Inner Core The hottest part of Earth
Made up solid metal (iron and nickel)
It’s a solid because the pressure is very high, so it can’t spread to a liquid

20. Outer Core Iron & Nickel melt and turn into a liquid
Create a magnetic field which protects us from the sun’s damaging solar wind.

21. Mantle
Mantle
Made up of a thick, solid, rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth.

22. Mantle is divided into 3 layers
Lithosphere
The layer that includes the upper part of the mantle.
Made up of hard, but easily broken rock

23. Mantle is divided into 3 layers
Asthenosphere
Material is hotter and has high pressures
This part of the mantle, the rock can bend because it’s softer

24. Mantle is divided into 3 layers
Mesoshere
Lower part of the mantle
Extends to the core
Hottest layer of the mantle which extreme pressures

25. Crust Crust Thin outer layer where WE LIVE
Made up of rocks—dry land and ocean floor

26. Brain Pop Earth’s Structure

27. Hydrosphere Part of the Earth that is liquid water.
I will be able to define and describe the four main spheres that make up the Earth.
Hydrosphere
Part of the Earth that is liquid water.
71% of Earth’s surface is the ocean.
Lakes
Rivers
Marshes
Rain
Underground water
Droplets in clouds.

28. What is the Earth’s Cryosphere?
I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
What is the Earth’s Cryosphere?
Cryosphere
Made up of all frozen water on Earth.
Ice
Sea Ice
Glaciers
Ice Shelves
Ice Bergs
Snow

29. I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
Atmosphere
Mostly made of invisible gases that surround the Earth.
Contains the air we breathe.
Earth’s weather happens here
What is air made of?
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Trace Gases.
Traps Heat Energy from the sun.
Greenhouse effect, keeps the planet warm.
78%
21% 1%

30. 5 Layers of the atmosphere
I will be able to identify the Layers of the Atmosphere
5 Layers of the atmosphere
1. Troposhphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere

31. Troposphere
This is where we live.
Weather happens here

32. Stratosphere This is where airplanes fly to avoid bad weather.
Ozone layer
Protects Earth from Sun’s radiation

33. Protects Earth from meteors
Mesosphere
Coldest Layer
Protects Earth from meteors

34. Thermosphere
The Aurora Borealis (northern & southern lights) are formed here.
What are the northern and southern lights?
*collisions between electrically charged particles from the sun that enter the earth's atmosphere.

35. Most satellites orbit in this layer
Exosphere
Most satellites orbit in this layer

36. Brain Pop Video on Earth’s Atmosphere

37. I will be able to define and describe the five main spheres that make up the Earth.
Biosphere
Made up of living things and their habitats (animals, plants, microbes, etc).
Must Have:
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Liquid Water
Moderate Temperatures
Source of Energy
Sun
Plants and Algae (photosynthesis)

38. How do all these systems interact?
System Interactions
How do all these systems interact?
Hurricanes (atmosphere), sweep across the ocean (hydrosphere), and onto the land (geosphere), damaging the dwellings of people (biosphere) who live along the coast.

39. How do Geologists learn about Earth’s interior?
2 main types of evidence:
Direct evidence from rock samples
Indirect evidence from seismic waves

40. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
Matter and Energy
1. By exchange of matter.
Water Cycle
Water evaporates into the atmosphere.
Water condenses forming clouds.
Nitrogen Cycle
Bacteria release nitrogen into the soil from the atmosphere.
Plants use nitrogen to grow.

41. How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
How Do Earth’s Spheres Interact?
2. By exchange of energy
Moves back and forth between spheres.
Plants use solar energy to make food.
Animals eat plants for energy.
Solar Energy
Drives winds and Weather

42. What is the Source of Earth’s Energy?
I will be able to describe the parts of Earth’s System and explain how matter and energy are transferred through it.
What is the Source of Earth’s Energy?
Earth’s Energy
Most comes from the Sun.
A tiny fraction
Ocean Tides
Geothermal
Lava & Magma
Remember ENERGY….
Moves or Changes form
Not created or destroyed.
Transferred between spheres

43. How is heat transferred?
Heat is always moving from a warmer object to a colder object, this is called HEAT TRANSFER. (ex. The sun cooling the ground)
The more heat, the faster the particles move

44. 3 types of heat transfers
1) Radiation
2) Convection
3) Conduction

45. Radiation
Is the transfer of energy that is carried in rays like light.
Example: the sun transfers its light and heat to us

46. Convection and Conduction
Convection is when heat is transferred by the movement of a fluid
Conduction is when heat is transferred between materials that are touching (for example when you are walking barefoot on hot sand)