1. The Movement Takes a Turn
Pages

2. Malcolm X and Black Nationalism
James Baldwin wrote about the violent consequences of segregation
Many were angry at the slow pace of change
Malcolm Little was raised by a Baptist minister who supported Marcus Garvey’s “back to Africa” message
Was arrested at age 20
While in jail, joined the Nation of Islam (group of black Muslims who preached black separation and self-help)
Changed his name to Malcolm X

3. Malcolm X and Black Nationalism
Malcolm X spent 12 years as a minister for the Nation of Islam
Spread the ideas of black nationalism (belief that the races should be separated instead of integrated)
Disagreed with the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement and MLK
Eventually left Nation of Islam and formed his own group
Malcolm X journeyed to Mecca
Saw millions of Muslims of all races worshipping together
Changed his views about separatism and hatred of white people
Was assassinated in Feb. 1965

4. The Black Power Movement
Stokely Carmichael heard Malcolm’s message and brought it to SNCC
SNCC became more radical and increasingly militant
Carmichael promoted the idea of black power (idea that African Americans should take charge of their communities)

5. Black Panthers
Militant political party formed by activists Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
Wanted African Americans to lead their own communities
Often became engaged with direct confrontations

6. Riots in the Streets
Early civil rights movement focused on fighting de jure segregation (racial separation created by laws)
Changes in laws did not end de facto segregation (racial separation imposed by poverty and ghetto conditions)
De facto segregation led to the riots in Watts, CA (primarily black, impoverished neighborhood of Los Angeles)

7. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
Martin Luther King, Jr. turned his attention to economic issues
Traveled to Memphis, TN and gave his “Mountaintop” speech
Was assassinated on the balcony of his hotel the following day
For many Americans, King’s death eroded faith in the idea of nonviolent change
Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated

8. Legacy of the Movement Segregation became illegal
The political process was opened to more African Americans
African Americans developed a new sense of pride