1. Volatile oils

15. Pharmacognostic account of coriander
Name: siddiqui Aqsa Yamin
Class: B.pharm 3rd year B
Roll no. 81
Subject: Medicinal Natural products
Respected teacher: Dr. Abubakr Salam

16. Synonyms: Botanical Name: Biological source:
Dhane- Marathi, Dhaniya- Hindi.
Botanical Name:
Corandrum sativum I.
Biological source:
It consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum
Family:
Umbelliferae

17. Geographical source:
The plant coriander is indigenous to Italy. The plant is widely cultivated in India, Egypt, and Morocco, Holland, Argentina, Eastern Europe, China, Russia and Bangladesh. In India, the plant is cultivated throughout the country. Collection and Preparation the plant is an annual herb, about 0.7 to 1 metre height containing small white and pinkish flowers.
The green plant and unripe fruits gine unpleasant odour like bug but odour disappears during ripping and change to an aromatic odour. Plants are cut and collected when fruits are ripening. After drying, fruits are separated.

18. Cultivation and collection :
Coriander is cultivated as khari,as well as, rabi crop. It needs light to heavy black soil about 15 to 20 kg of fruits per hector are required For cultivation. It is sown by drilling method. It is rotated with wheat, grain, jawar, and onion and also grown with Cotton, sugarcane and brinjal as mixed crop. Crop is ready for harvesting after 100 days of growth. J-16, J-214, k-45 and new pusa are few of the improved varieties of coriander. About 2 lakh hectors of land is under cultivation in India. India produces about 70% of global requirement of coriander. Rajasthan alone accounts for 70.0% of production in India.

19. Macroscopic characters:
(i) Colour: Yellowish- brown to brown. (ii) Odour: Aromatic
(iii) Taste: Spicy and characteristic.
(iv) Shape: Sub-globular cremocarpous fruit
(v) Size: Fruits are 2-4 mm in diameter and mm in length
(vi) About 10 primary ridges and 8 secondary ridges are present. Primary ridge are wavy and inconspicuous, while secondary ridge are straight. It is further described as an endospermic and a coelospermic fruit. The weight of 100 fruits is approximately 1 g.

20. Microscopical characters of coriander:
1. Epicarp: Polygonal cells with occasional stomata and calcium oxalate crystal.
2. Mesocarp: Inner and outer layer of parenchyma with sclerenchyma in between.
3. Sclerenchyma in tangential and longitudinal bands.
4. Two vittae on the commissural surface and four lacunae on the dorsal surface.
5. Endocarp: Elongated cells forming parquetry layer.
6. Endosperm: Cellulosic parenchyma containing oil globules and aleurone grains.

21. Chemical Constituents:
1. Volatile oil: (i) Main (+) linalool (coriandrol) and α-pinene (ii) Limonene (iii) α and γ-telpinene (iv) P-cymene (v) Camphor (vi) Geraniol (vii) Borneol 2. Fixed oil 3. Malic acid 4. Tannin 5. Vitamin A.

22. Uses:
1. Carminative 2. Flavouring agent 3. Anthelmintic 4. Aromatic 5. Diuretic 6. Stimulant 7. Stomachic 8. Aphrodisiac. 9. Oil is used along with purgatives to prevent gripping

23. Powder analysis of coriander fruits:
1. Sclerenchymatous layer: Groups of fusiform fibres of sclerenchyma running way and at times crossing with each other or with thin walled lignified cells of the mesocarp. 2. Endocarp: Fragments of parquetry arrangement of thin walled lignified cells with the polygonal cells of mesocarp. 3. Vittae: Few brown fragments of vittae. 4. Endosperm: Fragments of endosperm with aleurone grains and oil globules. 5. Organoleptic characters: a. Colour: Brown powder b. Odour: Characteristic, aromatic c. Taste: Spicy

24. coriander seeds
Coriander plants
Coriander roots
Flowers of Coriandrum sativum

25. Pharmacognostic account of cinnamon
Name: siddiqui Aqsa Yamin
Class: B.pharm 3rd year B
Roll no. 81
Subject: Medicinal Natural products
Respected teacher: Dr. Abubakr Salam

26. Synonyms: Biological source:
Cinnamon bark, Kalmi-dalchini; Ceylon cinnamon
Biological source:
It consists of the dried inner bark of the shoots of coppiced trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees (Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl.)
Family:
Lauraceae

27. Geographical source:
Cinnamon, the evergreen tree of tropical area, is considered to be native of Sri Lanka and Malabar Coast of India. It is also found in Jamaica and Brazil. However, most of the world requirements are met by Sri Lanka and hence true cinnamon is known as Sri Lanka cinnamon.

28. Cultivation:
The trees are usually grown from seed in nurseries, and planted out on well-drained sandy or clayey soil at altitudes up to 500 miters. Soil, temperature, rainfall, and drainage have considerable influence on the quality of the bark. When the shoot of the seedling is few centimeters high, the tip is cut off to encourage the formation of lateral branches. These are allowed to grow for two years, or until the bark begins to turn brown with the formation of a corky layer. The shoots are then 2-3 metres high, and 3-5 cm, in diameter. Developed trees are copied to induce the formation of a corky layer. The shoots are then 2-3 metres high, and 3- 5 cm in diameter. Developed trees are coppiced to induce the formation of numerous leafy shoots.

29. Collection:
The shoots are usually cut down after the monsoons in May, but there is a smaller harvesting in November. At these times sap movement is considerable, and the bark readily separates. Special knives are used for peeling and scraping, as steel causes discoloration. Lateral branches and leaves are cuts down the chute. To assist removal, the bark is rubbed with the handle of the knife. The pieces are then heaped together, and covered to conserve moisture and heat, and thus induce slight fermentation. This facilities removal of outer bark, which would otherwise give a better taste and detract from the appearance of the product for this operation each strip of bark is supported on a cylindrical struck held on a tripod and the dark cork and greenish, pulpy cortex scraped off with special curved knives. The resistance of the hard sclerenchymatous pericyclic makes it possible to obtain a uniform surface in this scraping process the prepared pieces are graded according to texture and colour and then packed inside one another and fitted together lengthwise. They are next cut into 1.0 meter lengths, and dried first in the shade and later in the sun. These compound quills are finally packed in bales of about 90 or 100 lb.

30. Macroscopical Character:
(i) Colour: The outer surface is dull yellowish-brown, while the inner surface is dark yellowish-brown. (ii) Odour: Fragrant. (iii) Shape: Compound squill. (iv) Size: About 1 meter in length and 1 cm in diameter. The thickness of the bark is approximately 0.5 mm. (v) Taste: Aromatic and sweet followed by warm sensation. (vi) Fracture: Splintery. (vii) The outer surface of the bark is marked by wavy longitudinal striations with small holes of scars left by the branches. The inner surface also shows the longitudinal striations. Bark is free of cork.

31. Microscopic characters :
Being an inner bark, the cork and primary cortex are absent. Rarely, patches of primary cortex may be present sclerenchymatous Pericycle is prominent. The stellar part shows phloem, phloem fibers, biseriate medullary rays and secretory cavities containing volatile oil and mucilage. Starch grains in cortical parenchyma and medullary rays and calcium oxalate crystals in parenchymatous cells are also present.

32. Chemical Constituents:
(i) About 0.5 to 1.0% of volatile oil, (ii) 1.2% of tannins (phlobatannins), (iii) Mucilage (iv) Calcium oxalate (v) Starch (vi) Sweet substance known as mannitol. (vii) Cinnamon oil contains 60-70% of cinnamaldehyde, 5-10% eugenol, and benzaldehyde, cuminaldehyde and other terpenes like phellandrene, pinene, cymene, Caryophyllene, etc.

33. Chemical test:
On addition of a drop of ferric chloride solution to a drop of volatile oil, a pale green colour is produced. With ferric chloride, cinnamic aldehyde give brown colour and eugenol gives blue colour, resulting in the formation of pale green colour. In cassia oil, brown colour is obtained, as it contains only cinnamic aldehyde.

34. Uses:
1. Carminative. 2. Stomachic 3. Mild astringent 4. Flavouring agent 5. Aromatic 6. Used as a spice and condiment 7. Preparation of candy, dentrifies and perfumes. 8. Oil is powerful germicide

35. Substitutes and adulterants:
Jungle cinnamon: It is the bark obtained from wild growing trees, which is dark in colour, less aromatic than the cultivated trees and slightly bitter. Cinnamon chips: These are pieces of untrimmed bark. They can be distinguished from genuine drug by the presence of abundant cork cells and by poor yield to 90% alcohol. Saigon chips: It consists of the bark of the trees of Cinnamomum loureirii (Lauraceae). It is exported from the port of Saigon. It is also grown in China and Japan. The bark is Greyish-brown in colour with light patches and sweet taste. Quills are 30x4x0.7 cm. unpeeled and contain 2.5°’0 of volatile oil. Java cinnamon: It is derived from Cinnamomum burmanii (Lauraceae). Bark is less aromatic, peeled and found in the form of double quills. Histologically, medullary rays contain small tubular crystal of calcium oxalate, not found in C. zeylanicum. It contains about 75% of cinnamaldehyde in the oil. It also gives poor yield to 90% alcohol as compared to Sri Lanka cinnamon.

36. Powder analysis of cinnamon:
1. Organoleptic characters: (i) Colour: Reddish brown powder (ii) Odour: Characteristic, pleasant and aromatic. (iii) Taste: Characteristic, pleasant and aromatic 2. Fibre: Isolated bast fibres measure microns in length and microns in breadth 3. Stone cells: Almost U shaped as one wall is thinner than the other three. 4. Starch grains: Abundant starch which does not measure more than 10 microns. 5. Calcium oxalate crystals: presence of small acicular raphides in the parenchyma 6. Oil cells: Big and isolated.

37. raw cinnamon Cinnamomum verum Leaves from a wild cinnamon tree
Quills of Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) on the left, and Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) on the right
Essential oil prepared from cinnamon bark
Cinnamomum verum

38. ORANGE PEEL
Rutuja Borole
By-
B. Pharmacy
3rd year

39. BITTER ORANGE PEEL SYNONYM-Orange cortex
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- it is dried or fresh outer part of pericarp of ripe or nearly ripe fruit of citrus aurantium Linn
FAMILY- rutaceae

40. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
It is indigenous to INDIA but is cultivated commercially in south Spain ( Seville) , Caribbean island ,USA , morocco and Sicily
In India it is grown in Maharashtra ,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh ,west bengal,punjab and Kashmir

41. Cultivation and collection
Orange trees are ever green plants of 7-8 meter in height. In India it is specifically cultivated in warmer and moist regions
It grows in loamy soil with adequate arrangements of irrigation.
The plants are cultivated by sowing the seeds or by grafting or cutting
the plants starts bearing after 5-6 years
Juice is taken out and used in food industries and the pills are treated to extract the oil

42. DESCRIPTION Colour –dark orange red Odour- aromatic
Taste-aromatic and bitter
Size-varying size and shape. They are about 3-4 mm in thickness

43. Chemical constituents
It contains about 2.5 percent of volatile oil, which is active constituent of drug
It also contains other comp like hesperidin,isohesperidin,neo hesperidin, vitamin C and pectin
The bitter sub present in drug are glycosidal compounds known as aurantiamarin and auranantimaric acid
Volatile oil of drug contains about 90% of limonene and small percent of aldehyde chiefly citral and citronellal

46. CHEMICAL TESTS
Solution of recently expressed orange oil in dehydrated alcohol is neutral to moistened litmus paper

47. USES Used as- Stomachic and carminative
Flavouring agent for oral liquid preparation and also for preparation of pectin

48. CLOVE
By-
Rutuja Borole
3rd year
B. Pharmacy

50. SYNONYM- caryophyllum, clove flower, clove bud
BOILOGOCAL SOURCE- it consists of dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus
FAMILY- myrtaceae

51. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE It is indigenous to amboyna and Moluccas island
It id now cultivated chiefly in Zanzibar, Pemba, Penang, Madagascar islands, sri lanka, Caribbean island and India
In India, it is grown in nilgiri tenkasi hills and kanyakumari dist of Tamil Nadu, also in kottayam and quilon dist of Kerala

52. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
Deep rich loamy soil with high humus content is suitable for clove cultivation
It is also found grown in favourably in open sandy loam and latrite soils of south Kerala regions
It needs warm humid climate and grows well in the vicinity of sea
Annual rainfall cm is needed
Clove thrives best in the location ranging from sea level upto 900metre

53. The seeds are sown from august to October
The seeds are placed in the nursery beds at a distance of 10cm
It takes 4-5 weeks of seed germination.
After six months they are transplanted to pots where they are allowed to grow for a year.
Then they again transferred to a field and are provided with the shade in initial stage of growth.

54. The plant starts bearing after 7-8 years
The cloves are collected or hand picked by beating with bamboos therefore colour changes from green to slightly pink.
The cloves are dried in the sun.

55. DESCRIPTION Colour- crimson to dark brown Odour- slightly aromatic
Taste pungent and aromatic followed by numbness
Size- about mm in length, 4mm in width and 2mm thick
Shape- hypanthium is surrounded with 4 thick acute divergent sepals surrounded by domb shaped corolla. The corolla consist of unexpanded membranous petals with several stamens and single stiff prominent style.
The cloves are heavier than water.

56. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
It contains about 15 to 20% of volatile oil 10 to 13% of tannins (galotannic acid), resin, chromone and eugenin.
The volatile oil of the drug contains eugenol (70-90%), eugenol acetate, caryophyllenes and small quantities of esters ketones and alcohol
Oil of clove is colourless to pale yellow in colour it becomes thick and darken in colour on storage.

58. CHEMICAL TEST
Transverse section of clove+ strong potassium hydroxide solution→ needle shape crystals of potassuim eugenate.

59. USES It is used as – Dental analgesic Carminative Stimulant
Flavouring agent
Aromatic
Antiseptic
Also used in preparation of cigarettes
Oil is used in perfumery and also in manufacture of vaniline

60. ADULTERANTS
Mother clove
Blown cloves
Clove stalks
Exhausted cloves

61. Prepared By: CHOUDHARI SANOBAR Guide: Dr Abubakar Salam Bawazir
SANDALWOOD
Prepared By: CHOUDHARI SANOBAR
Guide: Dr Abubakar Salam Bawazir

62. SYNONYM: Yellow Sandalwood.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It is a scented heartwood obtained from Santalum album Linn., Family: Santalaceae.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Sandalwood tree is
Indigenous to peninsular India. The tree flour-
ishes best at 600 to 1050 m altitude. It is wid-
ely distributed in India and Indonesia. And also
found in Malaysia ,Australia and New Zealand.

63. In India, it is found in Maharashtra ,Karnataka ,Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Most of the sandalwood growing areas are under the control of Governments of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
CULTIVATION, COLLECTION AND PREPARATION :
Yellow sandalwood tree is an evergreen tree of 8 to12 m height. It reproduces plentifully from seeds dispersed by birds, root suckers and coppices. Mostly it is obtained from the natural forests. It is a root-parasite which establishes contact with other common trees as host through the formation of haustoria.

64. The heartwood commences to form rapidly in trees about 20 years old and is at its prime in 30 to 60 year old trees. Sandalwood is harvested invariably by uprooting and not by cutting. This is done to ensure that no part of root system which is richest in oil content escapes collection. From the uprooted trees the bark and the sapwood is removed. The tree trunk is carried to the depot where it is trimmed into logs
of a meter length and exported. Sandalwood oil is
derived from the heartwood and roots by water di-
stillation and rectification.

65. Distillation generally requires 48 to 72 hours at pressure 1. 4 to 2
Distillation generally requires 48 to 72 hours at pressure 1.4 to 2.8 kg/cm2 of steam. Production of sandalwood oil by solvent extraction has also been suggested.
CHARACTERSTICS :
Length: 1 m long.
Diameter : 15 to 20 cm.
Colour : The heartwood is yellowish or pale reddish and is hard, compact and heavy and can be easily split.
The transversely cut surfaces shows alternate darker and lighter zones.

66. Taste : Bitter.
Odour : Pleasant and strong.
Sandalwood oil is pale yellow, somewhat viscid liquid with characteristic sandalwood odour and taste.
STANDARDS :
Specific gravity : –
Optical rotations : -15 to -20.
Refractive index : –
Esters : NLT 2% w/w as santolyl acetate.
Alcohols : NLT 90 % w/w as santalol.

67. MICROSCOPY : The transverse section of sandalwood shows very fine and close medullary rays. The xylem vessels are found mostly solitary and occasionally arranged radially. Sandalwood oil is present in all elements of the wood, medullary rays, wood fibres , xylem vessels and xylem parenchyma.
xylem
TS of Sandalwood
Medullary rays

68. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
Sandalwood contains about 2 to 5 % of volatile oil. The oil contains about 90 to 97 % of sesquiterpene alcohol, santalol.
Santalol is found in the form of isomers α-santalol and β-santalol
The minor components of volatile oil includes:
Hydrocarbons : santene, α and β-santalene.
The alcohols : santenol and teresantanol.
Aldehyde : Norticycloecasantalol and isovaleraldehyde.
Ketone : santenone and,
Acids : α and β santalic acids.

70. USES :
-Sandalwood oil is a source of volatile oil and component of cosmetic preparations.
-It is the oldest perfumery material and has over 2500 years of uninterrupted history.
-The oil is a stimulant and disinfectant of the genitourinary tract.
-It has been reported as a chemo-protective agent on liver carcinogenesis in mice.
-It is used as an urinary antiseptic in veterinary preparations.

71. SUBSTITUTES :
-Australian sandalwood oil : This volatile oil is obtained from wood of plant Eucarya spicata ,found in western Australia.
It contains sesquiterpene alcohols known as fusanols. Being very costly, the volatile oil is very often adulterated with fixed oils.
-West Indian Sandalwood oil : This oil is obtained from Amyris balsamifera (Rutaceae). Its specific gravity is to and optical rotation +24 to +29. It contains 50% amyrol. a

72. MENTHA OIL

73. SYNONYMS: oleum mentha piperita, peppermint oil, colpermin
Biological source: The oil is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh flowering tops of the plants known as Mentha piperita Linn. Mentha oil contains not less than 4.5% and not more than 10% w/w of esters calculated as methyl acetate.
Family: Labiatae

74. Geographical source
It grows wild in Europe, while it is cultivated in Japan, England, France, Italy.
In India it is cultivated near Jammu and in Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh.

75. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
For the cultivation of mint, well drained fertile ,sandy loam soil with neutral PH is required.
The rainfall in the range of 95 to 105 cm and temperature in between 15 to 25 degree Celsius are the other requirements for cultivation.
The cultivation is done by vegetative propagations method by using suckers.

76. The treatment of mercury compounds as fungicides encourages better sprouting.
Suckers are placed at distance of 10 cm in January/ February. The distance maintained between two rows is approximately 50 to 60 cm.
The plants should be kept free of weeds by hoeing frequently
Harvesting is done when crop reaches the flowering stage. The mentha plant is very susceptible to pest.

77. Chemical constituents
Mentha oil contains l-menthol to the extent of 70% in free as well as in the form of esters depending upon variety.
American oil contains 80% menthol while Japanese oil contains 70 – 90%. Other important constituents of mentha oil are menthone, menthofuran,jasmone,menthyl isovalerate and several other terpene derivatives.

78. Chemical tests
A few drops of peppermint oil are mixed with 5ml of nitric acid solution prepared by adding 1ml of nitric acid to 300 ml of glacial acetic acid, heat on water bath.
Within 5 minutes liquid develops blue colour, which on further heating deepens and shows copper colors fluorescence after some time it becomes golden yellow.

79. USES Mentha oil is used as carminative, stimulant and flavoring agent.
It has mild antiseptic properties. It is used in toothpaste, toothpowders, shaving creams.
it is also consumed in the preparation of candies,jellies,perfumes and essences.
both mentha oil and mentha have calcium channel blocking activity causing spasmolytic and smooth muscle relaxant effects hence it is used in bowel syndrome.

80. Substituent and adulterants
Several species of Mentha are known to contain oil .
Many a time , these oils are de- mentholized and used as adulterants to the drug.

81. Pharmacognostic Account of Nutmeg

82. Synonyms
Nux moschata
myristica

83. Biological Source
Nutmeg Consist of Dried Kernels of the Seeds of Myrustica Fragrans houtt
Family Myristicaceae

84. Geographical Source
It is Indigenous to Malacca Island and cultivated in Indonesia
Caribbean Island and other Tropical country
In India it is cultivated in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

85. Cultivation and Collection
The plant is a dioeciously tree bearing female and male flowering separately.
The Drug is obtain from female plants.
Nutmeg thrives well in humid climate and grow in location from sea level to an altitude of 900 m.
The requirement of the rainfall 200 to 250 cm.
Sandy loam and red lateritic soil is satisfactory for the cultivation..
The plant is cultivated by the sowing the seeds.
Only freshly collected seeds are suitable for the cultivation.
The seedling are raised in the nursery beds.
The Seeds take about 2 to 3 months for the germination.
When seedlings are about 16 to 18 months old, they are transplanted by keeping the distance of 8 to 10 m in between.
The nutmegs essentially need the shades for its protections.
Fertilizers and Manures are provided to the plant.
The Plants throughout the year produces fruit, but number is maximum from December to May.
The Fruits are suitable for picking when the husk of the fully ripped nut splits.
The Red feathery aril covering the seeds is detached from the seed shells by hand and flattened out in the sun, it takes about 4 to 8 weeks for drying of the drug in sun.
Alternatively it is dried by artificial heat, Shells are broken up and nutmeg is removed.
The plantation is economically only when the plants are more than 10 years old.

86. Macroscopical Characters
Color : Externally, the kernels are greenish brown to brown.
Odor : Strongly Aromatic
Size : Kernels is about 20 to 30 mm in length and 20 mm broad
Shape : Ellipsoidal
Taste : Pungent and Aromatics

87. Chemical Constituents
Nutmeg contains 5 to 16 percent of volatile oil and about 30 of fats.
The volatile oil contains about 4 to 8 percent myristicin, elimicin and safrole
The fatty acids constituents of the fixed oil are myristic acids, palmatic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid and other acid.
The fat of nutmeg is also called as nutmeg butter.
The other constituents of nutmeg are protein and starch

88. Uses Aromatic Stimulant Carminative Flavoring Agent
Use in Soap Industry
The fat and volatile oil of nutmeg is used in the treatment of rheumatism

89. Substitute and Adulterants
Being Costly nutmeg are adulterated with inferior varieties or with the exhausted drugs.
Myristica, Malabarica found in evergreen forest of kokan in Maharashtra and in Kerala and Myristica Argentea are the two substitute to the authentic drug.

90. PHARMACOGNOSTIC ACCOUNT OF CLOVE name: navisha tabassum class: B
PHARMACOGNOSTIC ACCOUNT OF CLOVE name: navisha tabassum class: B.pharmacy rd year {B} division

91. synonyms
Caryophyllum.
Clove flower.
Clove buds.

92. Biological source:
Clove consists of dried flowers buds of Eugenia caryophyllus , family Myrtaceae. It should contain not less than 15%(v/w) of clove oil.

93. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:
It is indigenous to amboyna and molucca islands.
It is now cultivated chiefly in Zanzibar,pemba,penang, Madagascar , Caribbean islands,sri Lanka and India.
In India it is cultivated in nilgiri ,tenkasi –hills and kanyakumarI district .
It is also cultivated In kottayam and quilon district of Kerala.

94. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION :
Deep rich loamy soil with high humus content is suitable for clove cultivation.
Water logging of soil must be avoided.
It needs warm humid climate and grows well in the vicinity of sea.
The annual rainfall in the range of 150 to 250 cm is another requirement for the cultivation of clove.
It is propagated by seed germination.the seeds are sown from August to October. The seeds are placed in the nursery bed at a distance of 10cm.it takes 4 to5 weeks for seeds germination.
After 6 months they are transplanted to the pots where they are allowed to grow for a year.thereafter, they are again transferred to the field and are provided with the shade in the initial stages of growth.
The plants are provided with suitable fertilizers like ammonium sulphate,super phosphate and potash. The fertilizers are given in 2 doses; firstly in may/ June and second in October .
Under normal condition of soil clove tree produces on an average 3 kg of drug cloves are handpicked or collected by beating with bamboos.this operation starts when the clove changes to slightly pink from green.
The he cloves are dried in the sun and freed from foreign material and graded .the dried cloves become perfectly crimson or brownish – black in colour.

95. MACROSCOPIC CHARACTER :
COLOUR: crimson to dark brown.
ODOUR: slightly aromatic.
TASTE: pungent and Aromatic followed by numbness.
SIZE: abouts 10 to 17.5mm in length, 4 mm in width, and 2 mm thick.
SHAPE: hypanthium is surmounted with 4 thick acute divergent sepels surrounded by dome shaped corolla.the corolla consists of unexpanded membranour petals with several stamens and single stiff prominent style. Clove are heavier than water.

96. MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
The epidermis of the clove is covered with thick cuticle.
The epidermis itself consists of straight walled cells and large anomocytic stomata.
The oil glands, which are ovoid and schizolysigenous are found in all parts of the drug.
Phloem fibers , which are isolated, are occasionally found in the spongy tissue.
Cluster crystal of calcium oxalate and small number of stone cell are found in the drug.
Clove does not contain starch.

97. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Clove contain about 15 to 20% of volatile oils; 10 to13% of tannin (gallotannic acid) ,resin , chronometer and eugenin.
The volatile oils of drug contain eugenol (about %) , eugenol acetate , caryophyllenes and small quantities of esters, ketones and alcohol’s.
Oil of clove is colourless to pale yellow in colour.
It becomes thick and darker in colour on storage.
It has specific gravity of – 1.06, Refractive index of to and it’s boiling point is at 250°c.

98. ADULTERANTS:
Mother clove.
Blown clove.
Clove stalks.
Exhausted clove.

99. Mother clove:
these are dark brown ,ovate ripened fruit of clove tree. They are slightly aromatic and contains starch. They are very inferior in volatile oil content.

100. Blown clove:
These are expanded flower of the clove tree. The stamens generally get detached. They also contain volatile oil and are similar in colour to the cloves. The volatile oil content is less as compared to authentic drug.

101. Clove stalks:
These are generally used to adulterate the powdered cloves and are detected by presence of isodiametric sclerieds and prisms of calcium oxalate. Their ash value and crude fibre content are also high. The authentic cloves should not contain more than 5% of stalks to ass the pharmacopoeial limit. Due to similarity in colour , odour and taste, clove stalks are mixed with the clove. Clove stalks contain only 5% of oil.

102. Exhausted clove:
These are the clove from which oil has been removed by distillation. They are Darin colour,more shrunken and when pressed with finger nail, do not show the presence of oil. Exhausted cloves float on water.

103. Uses: cloves is used as a dental analgesic , carminative, stimulant , flavoring agent, an aromatic and antiseptic. It is also used in the preparation of cigarettes. The oil is used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of vanillin.