2. CLAUSES
Independent Clause (IC): A group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone and make sense. It is “independent” and also known as a main clause.
Examples:
The teacher was upset that the students weren’t reading enough books.
She is so excited about going to the Celine Dion concert.
Dependent Clause (DC): A group of words with a subject and a verb that “depends” on the main clause to give it meaning. It is also known as a subordinate clause.
Because all the lights were out in the house.
Although the weather was cold and rainy.

3. RUN- ONS 1. Comma Splice (IC, IC) Examples:
Her friends were going out to dinner tonight, she felt like staying in and watching a DVD.
The delivery man was late, he also forgot to bring the drinks.
2. Fused Sentence (IC IC)
Maha got lost in the Halloween maze it was so scary!
Ahmad had an important presentation on Monday he felt confident that he did well.

4. How can I fix a run-on sentence?
1. Add a semicolon (;)
2. Add a period (.)
3. Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction
Correct the previous examples using the techniques mentioned above.
Her friends were going out to dinner tonight, she felt like staying in and watching a DVD.
Her friends were going out to dinner tonight; she felt like staying in and watching a DVD.
Her friends were going out to dinner tonight. She felt like staying in and watching a DVD.
Her friends were going out to dinner tonight, but she felt like staying in and watching a DVD.
We went to the mall there was a big sale going on.
We went to the mall; there was a big sale going on.
We went to the mall. There was a big sale going on.
We went to the mall, and there was a big sale going on.

5. There are seven coordinating conjunctions
F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so

6. FRAGMENTS
A fragment is a group of words without a subject, without a verb, or without both.
A dependent clause is also a fragment. (DC)
Examples:
No subject in main clause: Went to the Library
No verb in main clause: She the only person there.
Phrase (no subject or verb): Going to school.
Dependent Clause: Because he waited out in the rain. (DC)

7. How can I fix fragments?
Add the missing part of the sentence to make it a complete one (add a subject, a verb, both a subject and a verb, or a main clause-IC).
DC + IC = (DC, IC)
For example: When we finish class. (DC)
I will go home. (IC)
When we finish class, I will go home.
IC + DC = ( IC DC)
I will go home when we finish class. DC IC IC DC

8. Correct the previous examples
1. Went to the library.
2. She the only person there.
3. Going to school.
4. Because he waited out in the rain.
Some options:
The students went to the library. (add subject)
She was the only person there. (add verb)
Ahmad likes going to school. (add both)
He got sick because he waited out in the rain. (add a main clause)

9. In-Class Practice Exercises
Solve the exercises in the worksheets provided.

10. IDENTIFYING AND REVISING RUN-ON SENTENCES
Revise and correct the run-on sentence and identify whether it is fused or a comma splice.
Example:
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century he changed the way people view the universe.
1. Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century he changed the way people view the universe.
 Fused
To correct:
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century; he changed the way people view the universe.
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century. He changed the way people view the universe.
Albert Einstein was one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century, and he changed the way people view the universe. IC IC

11. IDENTIFYING AND REVISING RUN-ON SENTENCES
Revise and correct the run-on sentence and identify whether it is fused or a comma splice.
School in Munich was too rigid and boring for young Einstein, he did not do well.
Einstein chose to educate himself, he missed classes often and spent the time studying physics on his own.
His professors had low opinions of him he graduated anyway in 1900.
In 1905, he published a paper on physics the University of Zurich awarded him a Ph.D. for this work.
Physicists resisted his ideas at first, eventually his general theory of relativity was confirmed through observation.

12. Example correction
School in Munich was too rigid for young Einstein, he did not do well.
Comma Splice
School in Munich was too rigid for young Einstein; he did not do well.
School in Munich was too rigid for young Einstein. He did not do well.
School in Munich was too rigid for young Einstein, so he did not do well. IC IC

13. Example correction
Einstein chose to educate himself, he missed classes often and spent the time studying physics on his own.
Comma splice
Einstein chose to educate himself; he missed classes often and spent the time studying physics on his own.
Einstein chose to educate himself. He missed classes often and spent the time studying physics on his own.
Einstein chose to educate himself, so he missed classes often and spent the time studying physics on his own. IC IC

14. Example correction
His professors had low opinions of him he graduated anyway in 1900.
Fused Sentence
His professors had low opinions of him; he graduated anyway in 1900.
His professors had low opinions of him. He graduated anyway in 1900.
His professors had low opinions of him, but he graduated anyway in 1900. IC IC

15. Example correction
In 1905, he published a paper on physics the University of Zurich awarded him a PH.D. for this work.
Fused
In 1905, he published a paper on physics; the University of Zurich awarded him a PH.D. for this work.
In 1905, he published a paper on physics. The University of Zurich awarded him a PH.D. for this work.
In 1905, he published a paper on physics, and the University of Zurich awarded him a PH.D. for this work. IC IC

16. Example correction
Physicists resisted his ideas at first, eventually his general theory of relativity was confirmed through observation.
Comma Splice
Physicists resisted his ideas at first; eventually his general theory of relativity was confirmed through observation.
Physicists resisted his ideas at first. Eventually his general theory of relativity was confirmed through observation.
Physicists resisted his ideas at first, but eventually his general theory of relativity was confirmed through observation. IC IC

17. In-Class Practice Exercises
Solve the exercises in the worksheets provided.

18. PRACTICE: IDENTIFYING FRAGMENTS
Determine if the following are fragments or complete sentences. Write F for fragment and C for a complete sentence.
_____ If your parents think today’s fashions are weird.
_____ They should see the clothes people wore in the Middle Ages.
_____ Patterns of floral or geometric shapes popular.
_____ Liked clothes that were half one color and half another.
_____ People often heavy leather belts decorated with metal and jewels.
_____ Shoes had long toes that were padded to retain their shape. F C F F F C

19. Fix The fragments by adding the missing part
If your parents think today’s fashions are weird.
If your parents think today’s fashions are weird, they should see the clothes people wore in the Middle Ages.
Patterns of floral or geometric shapes popular.
Patterns of floral or geometric shapes were popular.
Liked clothes that were half one color and half another.
They liked clothes that were half one color and half another.
People often heavy leather belts decorated with metal and jewels.
People often wore heavy leather belts decorated with metal and jewels.

20. SOURCES
Sentences, Paragraphs, and Beyond: with Integrated Readings. By Lee Brandon and Kelly Brandon

21. Thank you for your attention
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