1. American Experiments
Chapter 2
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2. Chattel Slavery Virginia & Maryland (Chesapeake) - 1660’s
Legally defined chattel slavery
Status of slave child based on the MOTHER.
Ran contradictory to English law

3. Geographic/environmental problems??
Chesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??

4. Spain’s Tribute Colonies
A New American World
Encomienda System- Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown
Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor
Very Harsh, yet profitable
Spanish Social Classes
Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged.
(mixed racial groups)
Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians

5. Spain’s Tribute Colonies
The Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
New crops introduced to Europe- potato, maize
Horse had large impact on Indian life
In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased

6. The Fall of Spain’s Tribute Colonies
The Protestant Challenge to Spain
England began to build up a navy
Mercantilism- purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by exporting more goods than importing.

7. Plantation Colonies England’s Tobacco Colonies
Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar & tobacco.
Brazil’s Sugar Plantations;
Very hard work, milling done on site
As the Indian population declined, African slave labor was introduced
England’s Tobacco Colonies
Jamestown (1607)
Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony)
Originally came looking for gold but eventually tobacco became the cash crop,
Exhausted the land, began to encroach on Indian land
House of Burgesses- 1st Representative gov.

8. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

9. Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

10. Plantation Colonies Indian War
1/3 of Jamestown's population was killed by Indian attacks. English retaliated
Jamestown became a royal colony in colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England

11. Plantation Colonies Cont
The Caribbean Islands
Like Brazil, these focused on sugar production
Plantation Life:
Plantation’s grew in part, due to the Headright System:
Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant passage- benefited the rich.
Indenture Contract: Popular in Chesapeake
5-7 years., Promised “freedom dues” [land]
Forbidden to marry. ½ die before they became free

12. Indentured Servitude
Headright System
Indentured Contract, 1746

13. Plantation Colonies Cont.
African Laborers:
Used more heavily in the Caribbean (Sugar)
Used more in Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it was cheaper than indentured servants.
Strict laws develop that promote racism and regulated behavior of blacks

14. The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier location than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

15. Colonization of Maryland

16. A Haven for Catholics Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.
High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

17. A Haven for Catholics
Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land.
Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.
Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.
Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c.
In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

18. MD Toleration Act, 1649

19. Currency in Early Maryland

20. St Mary’s City (1634)

21. New European Colonies New France New Netherland
Expanded into N.American interior-Canada
Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)
New Netherland
New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony but engaged in significant commerce
Like the French, the Dutch traded furs

22. New European Colonies The rise of the Iroquois Central & Western NY
Traded weapons and goods w/ the Dutch & French
Remained a strong force in NY

23. New European Colonies Cont.
New England
The Pilgrims
Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England
Plymouth climate was better than Chesapeake
Representative self- government was established

24. New European Colonies Cont.
The Puritans
wanted to Purify the English Church, Not Separate from it.
John Winthrop & Massachusetts
“City Upon a Hill”
Church members had tremendous power- only ones that could vote
Not Religiously tolerant

25. New European Colonies Cont.
Roger Williams & Rhode Island
Advocated separation of church & State, Religious toleration, and friendly relations w/ Indians
Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop
No legally established church in RI
Anne Hutchison
Seen as a major threat to Puritans
Challenged gender roles in Church
Claimed to have direct revelations w/ God
Banished from Mass. Bay Colony

26. New European Colonies Cont.
Puritans & Witchcraft
Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th Cent.
Accused tended to be wealthy, widowed, and middle-aged
Reflected religious and social tensions
Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan Society
After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined
Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

27. Instability, War, & Rebellion
New England’s Indian Wars:
Puritan-Pequot War
Pequots were allied w/ the Dutch, hated English Settlers
500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, English retaliated and gained land
Death from disease and poor treatment of Indians was justified has God’s will (Winthrop)
Metacom’s War
Metacom (King Philip) was the leader of the Wampanoags. Metacom was killed, and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after.

28. Portrayal of Native Americans

30. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley
Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.
Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon
Governor William Berkeley

31. Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

32. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

33. Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

34. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.
Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!!

35. The Atlantic Slave Trade

36. The Recap Columbian Exchange Spanish Explorers Encomienda System
Maryland and the Catholics
Winthrop, Hutchison, & Williams
Puritan’s Witch hunt
Metacoms War
Bacon’s Rebellion