1. Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column. Muscles of the back
Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column. Muscles of the back. Chest cavity, diapragm, respiratory movements
dr. Petra Balogh MD
Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology
Semmelweis University
2013

2. Gross anatomy and movements of vertebral column
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1-3 coccygeal vertebrae
Functions:
Protects the spinal cord and spinal nerves
Support body weight
Forms rigid and flexible axis for body
Posture and locomotion

3. Curvatures of the vertebral column
Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacral kyphosis
Pathological cases

4. The general structure of a vertebra

5. Cervical vertebrae (C₃-C₇)

6. Cervical vertebrae (C₁-C₂)

7. Thoracic vertebrae

8. Lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

9. The morphology of vertebrae
Shape of body
Shape of vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Plane of articular facets
Speciality
Cervical
Horizontal
Transverse foraminavertebral artery
Thoracic
frontal
Costal articular surfaces
Lumbar
Saggital
Mamillary pocesses

10. Joints of the vertebral column I.
Joints of VBs are designed for weight bearing and strength
Intervertebral discs (IVD) unit themsemirigid column
The structure of IVDs:
Outer anulus fibrosus
Inner nucleus pulposus
IVD prolapse

11. Joints of vertebral column II.
Vertebral arches are interconnected by zygapophysial joint (synovial joints)
Plane joints-gliding movementsdefined by the plane of art facetscervical and lumbar regions are more flexible

12. Ligaments of the vertebral column

14. Atlano-occipital (AO) and atlanto-axial (AA) joint
AO (between condyles of occipital bone and sup facets of atlas condyloid type
Movements are:
Nodding of head (yes)
Tilting of head laterally
AA  cone shape, gliding type joint allowing :
turning the head (side to side)
Rotating (disapproval expression-no-no)

15. Movements of vertebral column
Flexion-extension
Bending left/right
Rotation (left/right

16. Pathological aspects

17. Pathological aspects-scoliosis

18. Muscles of the back
Superficial back muscles (thoracohumeral muscles that migrated secondarily to the back but developed in the ventral aspect of the embrio innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves)

19. 2. Deep back muscles
A. Erector spinae muscle (longissimus and iliocostal parts

20. 2B. Transverso-spinales muscles
2B subgroups:
Semispinalis
Multifidus
rotatores
Deep back muscles are all innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves

21. Nuchal region
The area is surrounded by the nuchal ligament (superficial and deep layers)
A topografically important area is localized here: suboccipital trigone

22. Suboccipital trigone Contents: posterior arch of atlas,
vertebral artery
suboccipital nerve= posterior ramus of C₁

23. Break

24. Chest cavity –bony parts
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum

25. Morphology of the ribs

26. Classification of the ribs
True ribs (7 pairs)
False ribs (5 pairs-the last two false ribs are called floating ribs

27. Sternum
Sternal angle

28. Joints of thoracic cavity
Sternocostal
Costotransverse
Costovertebral

29. Movements of the thoracic wall

30. Muscles of thoracic cavity-respiratory muscles
external intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles

31. Respiratory muscles-pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles

32. (Accessory) Respiratory muscles
Anterior scalenus
Middle scalenus
Posterior scalenus

34. Diaphragm Main organizer of respiratory movements
Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Pathway for structures between those cavities
Muscular part (costal, lumbar, sternal)
Tendineus part (central part)

35. Diaphragm Muscular part (costal, sternal, lumbar) Central part
Innervated by phrenic nerve (cervical plexus)

36. Structures that pass through the diaphragm
aorta
esophagus
vagus nerve
azygos/hemiazygos veins
splanchnic nerves
sympathetic chain
thoracic duct
inferior vena cava

37. Respiratory movements

38. Thank you for the attention!

39. Literature Moore: Clinically orientated anatomy
Gray’s anatomy for students