1. THE HOLOCAUST

2. April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)
On April 7, 1933 Hitler ordered all non-Aryans removed from government jobs
Thus began the systematic campaign of racial purification that eventually led to the Holocaust – the murder of 11 million people across Europe (more than half of whom were Jews)
Title: “Away with him”
The long arm of the Ministry of Education pulls a Jewish teacher from his classroom.
April 1933 (Der Sturmer Issue #12)

3. (Placard reads, "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews)
JEWS TARGETED
Jews were the central target of the Holocaust
Anti-Semitism had a long history in many European countries
For decades Germany looked for a scapegoat for their problems
Many Germans blamed Jews for their difficulties
(Placard reads, "Germans, defend yourselves, do not buy from Jews)

4. JEWS LOSE RIGHTS
Jews in Germany were subject to increasingly restrictive rights
In 1935 – Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs and property
Also in 1935, Jews were forced to wear bright yellow stars to identify themselves
Two young brothers, seated for a family photograph in the Kovno ghetto. One month later, they were deported to the Majdanek camp. Kovno, Lithuania, February 1944

5. KRISTALLNACHT (NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS)
On November 9-10, 1938 Nazi Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues across Germany
Over 100 Jews were killed, hundreds more were injured, and 30,000 Jews arrested
Afterward, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction

6. Hundreds of Jewish homes and businesses were torched during Kristallnacht

7. SOME JEWS FLED
Einstein
As a result of increasing violence, many German Jews fled the country
However, few countries were willing to take in Jewish refugees
The U.S. accepted 100,000 refugees including Albert Einstein, author Thomas Mann, architect Walter Gropius and Theologian Paul Tillich
Gropius
Tillich

8. THE PLIGHT OF THE ST. LOUIS
Many Americans feared Jews would take jobs at a time when unemployment was already high.
One example of the indifference to the plight of the German Jews can be seen in the case of the St. Louis

9. THE ST. LOUIS RETURNS HOME
This German ocean liner passed Miami in 1939
The U.S. coast guard followed the ship to prevent anyone from disembarking in America
The ship returned to Europe – more than ½ of the 943 passengers were later killed in the Holocaust

10. HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION
In 1939 only about 250,000 Jews remained in Germany
But other nations that Hitler occupied had millions more
Obsessed with his desire to “rid Europe of Jews,” Hitler imposed what he called the Final Solution

11. JEWISH POPULATION 1939

13. THE FINAL SOLUTION
The Final Solution – a policy of genocide that involved the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population – rested on the belief that Aryans were superior people and that the purity of the “Master Race” must be preserved
Hitler was responsible for the murder of more than half of the world’s Jewish population

14. HITLER’S HATRED WENT BEYOND JEWS
Hitler condemned to death and slavery not only Jews but other groups that he viewed as inferior, unworthy or as “enemies of the state”
This list included Gypsies, Slavs, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Africans, Chinese, homosexuals, handicapped, mentally ill and mentally deficient

15. Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies
Group Deaths
European Jews ,250,000
Soviet prisoners of war ,000,000
Polish Catholics ,000,000
Serbians ,000
Germans (political, religious, and resistance) ,000
Germans (handicapped) ,000
Homosexuals ,000
Jehovah’s Witnesses ,500

16. JEWISH GHETTOS IN POLAND
Jews were also ordered into dismal, overcrowded ghettos in various Polish cities
Factories were built alongside the ghettos where people were forced to work for German industry
Many of these Jews were then transferred to concentration camps (labor camps) deep within Poland

17. The final stage began in early 1942
Dachau, gas chamber
Hitler’s program of genocide against Jews took place primarily in 6 Nazi death camps located in Poland
The final stage began in early 1942
The Germans used poison gas to more quickly exterminate the Jewish population
Each camp had huge gas chambers that could kill as many as 12,000 per day

18. IMAGES FROM A NIGHTMARE Some of these images are disturbing

19. The main entrance of Auschwitz Extermination Camp, with its infamous motto "Work Makes One Free"

20. Buchenwald prisoners in nearby woods just before their execution

21. Over 2 million children were killed during the Holocaust

22. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution. (1942)

23. A truckload of bodies at Buchenwald concentration camp

24. At Dachau concentration camp, two U. S
At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers gaze at Jews who died on board a death train

25. A Nazi about to shoot the last Jew left alive in Vinica, Ukraine.

26. Dachau survivors on the day of liberation

27. Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me."
"They came for the Communists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Communist.
Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Jew.
 Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Trade Unionist.
 Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak out because I wasn't a Catholic.
 Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me."
- Pastor Martin Niemoller

28. Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor
“Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust never.”
Elie Wiesel, a camp survivor

29. Genocide geno – meaning race cide – meaning killing
The word genocide was coined by Raphael Lempkin in the midst of the Holocaust.

30. Major genocides of the 20th century
The Herero Genocide, Namibia, Death toll: 60,000 (3/4 of the population)
The Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire, Death toll: Up to 1.5 million
The Ukrainian Famine, Death toll: 7 million
The Nanking Massacre,
Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop)
The World War II Holocaust, Europe, Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of others, including Poles, Roma, homosexuals, and the physically and mentally handicapped,
The Cambodian Genocide, Death toll: 2 million
The East Timor Genocide, Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population)
The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, Death toll: Tens of thousands
Iraq, 1988
Death toll: ,000
The Bosnian Genocide, Death toll: 8,000
The Rwandan Genocide, Death toll: 800,000
The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , present Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?

31. 8 Stages of Genocide
Understanding the genocidal process is one of the most important steps in preventing future genocides
The first six stages are early warning signs
Classification
Symbolization
Dehumanization
Organization
Polarization
Preparation

32. Stage 1: Classification
Us vs. Them
Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion.
Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists was the number of cattle owned.

33. Stage 2: Symbolization Names (Jew, Hutu, Tutsi) Languages
Types of dress
Group Uniforms
ID cards
Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodia

34. Stage 3: Dehumanization
One group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the victim group seem subhuman
Hate propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the victim group
Dehumanization invokes superiority of one group and inferiority of the “other.”
Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it “ethnic cleansing,” or “purification.” Such euphemisms hide the horror of mass murder
Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: “The Solution for Tutsi Cockroaches”

35. Stage 4: Organization Genocide is a group crime, so must be organized
Hutu Power” elites armed youth militias called Interahamwe ("Those Who Stand Together”).
The government and Hutu Power businessmen provided the militias with over 500,000 machetes and other arms and set up camps to train them to “protect their villages” by exterminating every Tutsi.

36. Stage 5: Polarization Extremists drive the groups apart.
Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda.
Laws are passed that forbid intermarriage or social interaction.
Political moderates are silenced, threatened and intimidated, and killed.

37. Stage 6: Preparation
Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols.
Death lists are made.
Victims are separated because of their ethnic or religious identity.
Segregation into ghettoes is imposed, victims are forced into concentration camps.
Victims are also deported to famine-struck regions for starvation.
Weapons for killing are stock-piled.
Extermination camps are even built. This build- up of killing capacity is a major step towards actual genocide.

38. Step 7: Extermination
Extermination begins, and becomes the mass killing legally called "genocide." Most genocide is committed by governments.
The killing is “extermination” to the killers because they do not believe the victims are fully human. They are “cleansing” the society of impurities, disease, animals, vermin, “cockroaches,” or enemies.
Roma (Gypsies) in a Nazi death camp

39. Stage 7: Extermination (Genocide)
Although most genocide is sponsored and financed by the state, the armed forces often work with local militias.
Rwandan militia killing squads
Nazi killing squad working with local militia

40. Stage 8: Denial
Denial is always found in genocide, both during and after it.
Continuing denial is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres.