1. Ch. 13Genetic Engineering
DNA Manipulations Applications of Genetic Engineering
Cell Transformations

2. I. Manipulating DNA Some Vocabulary:
Polyploidy – many sets (more than 2) of chromosomes
Hybridization – breading two organisms with different traits to try and get new or desired traits.
Inbreeding – continual breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
Selective Breeding – choosing which male and female from a species will mate to try and control the outcome

3. 4 Techniques for Manipulating DNA
DNA Extraction – open cells and remove DNA from the rest of the cell
Cutting DNA – use Restriction Enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences into small fragments

4. 4 Techniques for Manipulating DNA
Separating DNA – use Gell Electrophoresis to separate DNA by size and charge
DNA Fragments are placed at one end of a gel
Electric voltage is applied to the gel
DNA molecules have a negative charge and move towards the positive end of the gel
Smaller fragments move faster and farther.

5. Gel Electrophoresis

6. 4 Techniques for Manipulating DNA
Copy DNA – use Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR is a technique that makes many copies of a gene, really fast!
Amplifies DNA sequence so its easier to read and copy
Why? Study, compare, and find functions of genes
Denature – heat the DNA
Attach primers – cool DNA and start a DNA sequence
Extend/Synthesize – COPY! DNA Polymerase creates new DNA
Repeat! – Heat, Cool, Copy

7. PCR:

8. DNA Sequencing – to determine the order of the nucleotide bases

9. DNA Fingerprinting – to determine the order of the nucleotide bases
DNA is cut using restriction enzymes and separated on a gel
Used in forensic science: crime scenes, paternity cases, blood samples, species identification

10. Recombinant DNA – combining DNA from different sources
DNA can be changed
Pieces of “synthetic” DNA can be joined to “natural” DNA using enzymes that splice DNA together (Restriction Enzymes)
Take a gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism

11. II. Cell Transformation – genetic alteration of cells
Plasmids – small circular molecules of DNA placed in bacteria
Two important features of manmade plasmids (why it is useful for DNA transfer):
DNA sequence is known
Has a genetic marker – gene that identifies transformed cell;
Example: plasmids resistant to an antibiotic; plasmids carrying human growth hormone

12. Transforming Bacteria
Foreign bacteria is joined to plasmid
Some plasmids are taken in by the bacteria = Transformation
Treat culture with antibiotic (normally kills bacteria)
Transformed bacteria (contain plasmid) will survive
Why? They have the gene (marker) for resistance

13. Transforming Plant Cells
Genetically changing plant cells
Examples: inactivated plant tumor genes, insect-resistance gene

14. Transforming Animal Cells
Genetically changing animal cells
DNA can be injected directly into the nucleus since the cells are so large.
Examples: disease resistance, increase milk production in cows, increase muscle size in livestock

15. III. Application of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Organisms: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), contains genes from other organisms
Transgenic Microorganisms: reproduce rapidly and easy to grow
Bacteria with human genes to make insulin, growth hormone, clotting factors, etc.
Transgenic Animals: animals with genes from other organisms
Chickens that do not get salmonella
Mice with human immune antibodies
Animals with leaner meat
Pigs/sheep milk with human protein

16. III. Application of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Plants: plants with genes from other organisms
Plants that produce natural insecticides
Resistant to Round-Up, bruising, or rotting
Plants with human hormones – rice with more vitamin A
Cloning: a clone is an organism with genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Mice, sheep, cows, pigs, monkeys
Why? Therapeutic proteins in milk, endangered species