1. THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION
 Kahraman SELVİ, Seda ÖZDİKMENLİ, Musa YALMAN, Ramazan YILDIZ
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Yenice Vocational School, 17550, Yenice, ÇANAKKALE
Abstract
Increased demand for water, quantitative and qualitative deterioration of water, environmental pollution and possible climate changes cause negative impacts in aquatic ecosystems, due to population growth and rapid industrial development. On the other hand; pollution and degradation of these ecosystems create many problems in irrigated agriculture. As a result of anthropogenic activities (mining, industrial, agricultural, etc.) the pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls threaten the ecosystems, mingling with the water sources. The water, contaminated by these pollutants and also used in agricultural activities is taken by plants and animals to be used in their vital activities. Thus, the plant and animal foods contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants constitute a significant risk to human health upon the consumption of these foods. Therefore; maintaining the acceptable values of water resources used in agricultural activities for the safety of sustainable food is great importance in terms of environmental and human health.
The studies evaluating the effect of pollutants in the water to physico-chemical, microbiological parameters as well as on organisms in aquatic ecosystems have been previously conducted. In this study; pollution studies of some water sources used for irrigation in Turkey were compiled.
 Keywords:Environmental pollution, pollutants, water quality, irrigation.
Introduction:
Aquatic resources are gradually polluted by the natural and anthropogenic effects, day by day. Polluters are naturally present in the soil, geologic and anthropogenic activities increase the concentration of these elements to amounts that are harmful to both plants and animals. Some of these activities include mining and smelting of metals, burning of fossil fuels, use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, production of batteries and other metal products in industries, sewage sludge, and municipal waste disposal. Plants growing on heavy metal polluted soils show a reduction in growth due to changes in their physiological and biochemical activities.
Conclusion:
Aquatic resources have great importance for fisheries and agricultural activities. Lots of vegetables and fruits are irrigated from these water supplies. Therefore, to keep the pollution levels of stream under control is important for sustainability of the ecosystem. It was summarized the recent studies on water quality in the tables.
Table 1 . The pollution studies of some water sources used for irrigation in Turkey
 Authors
Region  °C pH EC
(mS/cm; μS/cm)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO, mg/L)
Turbidity
(NTU)
Suspended Solids
(mg/L) TA
(mg/L CaCO3)
Total Hardness (mg/L CaCO3)
HCO3
(mg/L) CaCO3 Cl
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, mg/L)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, mg/L)
SO4-2
TDS
Salinity
Alpaslan et al., 2015
Kalecik Baraj Çayı (Elazığ)
8.1
205µS/cm
5,6-15,6
83 mg CaCO /L
85 mg CaCO /L
11,4 mg/L -
5,0
Cip Baraj Gölü (Elazığ)
8.4
414 µS/cm
9,5-10,8
113 mg CaCO /L
189 mg CaCO /L
14,1 mg/L
51,3 SO-24/L
Topal and Topal, 2015
Caro Deresi (Elazığ)
μS/cm
39-46
2-3
2-3 mg/L
Varol, 2015
Dicle Baraj Gölü (Diyarbakır)
4-26.6
8.48 μS
9.54
1.25
3.15
121.28
169.33
143.18
23.84
6.8
19.57
Aydoğan et al., 2014
Edirne μS
0-6.54
Celiker et al.,2014
Munzur (Tunceli)
µS/cm
0-2
4-11
0-1
87-103
Dinçer, 2014
Çanakçı Deresi (Giresun) 13
7.92
147 μS
7.11
20.3 43 68
3.83
0.091 g/L
0.07 ppt
Eryılmaz et al., 2014
Borçka Baraj Gölü (Artvin)
8-9 μS
1-9
Küçükyılmaz et al., 2014
Işiktepe Baraj Gölü (Maden- Elazığ) μS
98-148
90-110
6,6-11,2 mg/L
5,9-12,6
Mutlu and Tepe, 2014
Yayladağı Sulama Göleti (Hatay)
47-171
0.18 ppt
Mutlu et al.,2014
Beydili Nehri (Hafik- Sivas) μS
Table 2 . The pollution studies of some water sources used for irrigation in Turkey
 Authors
 Region
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Escherichia coli
(EMS/100 mL)
Fecal Streptoccoci
Enterococci
C. perf. spores
Celiker et al.,2014
Munzur
(Tunceli)
4-34(EMS/100 mL) -
Aqso et al., 2014
(Ordu)
cfu/100 ml
cfu/100 ml
313 (cfu/100 ml)
35 (cfu/50 ml)
Koloren et al., 2011
Gaga Gölü
>1000 cfu/100 ml
8- 26 cfu/100 ml
1-20 cfu/100 ml
Table 3. The criteria on the basis of irrigation water classification (Official Gazette, 2004)
Table 4. The criteria of metals in irrigaiton water classification (Official Gazette, 2004)
Parameter
Unit
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV pH -
6-9
<6 or >9 EC
µS/cm
0-250
> 3000
COD
mg/L
BOD5
0-25
25-50
50-100
> 200
Suspended Solid 20 30 45 60
> 100
NO3
0-5
5-10
10-30
30-50
> 50
NO2
NH4
PO42-
HCO3-
Cl-
0-142
> 710
Paramater
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV Cu 20 50
200
>200 Zn
500
2000
>2000 Mn
100
3000
>3000 Pb 10
>50 Ni Cd 3 5
>10 Fe
300
1000
5000
>5000