1. Unit 3 Electrons and The Periodic Table
Chapter 5 & 6

2. Chapter 5: Electrons in Atoms

3. What are the chemical properties of atoms and molecules related to?
ELECTRONS!
Number of valence electrons
How much an atom wants to “gain” or “lose” electrons
How many electrons “gained” or “lost”

4. Electron History Dalton’s Model Thomson’s Model Rutherford’s Model
Didn’t even know of electrons or charge – just ratios of atoms.
Thomson’s Model
ELECTRONS EXIST!!!!
Where are they? No clue.
Plum Pudding?
Rutherford’s Model
Gold Foil Experiment
Electrons are found outside the nucleus.
Now knows where they are, but still doesn’t know how they are organized.

5. Rutherford’s model

6. Electron’s are found in energy levels.
bOhr’s Model
Electron’s are found in energy levels.
Quantum: Specific energy values that have exact values in between them.
Pictured the atom like a solar
system with electrons
“orbiting” around the nucleus.
Each orbit path associated
with a particular energy.
Now a better understanding of how electrons are organized, but it still isn’t quite correct.

7. Quantum Mechanical Model Erwin Schrodiner (1926)
Electrons are found in regions of empty space around the nucleus. “electron clouds”.
Shape of the region corresponds to different energy levels.
Shape of the region represents the probability of the electron’s location 90% of the time.
PROBLEM? These are still called “atomic orbitals”.

8. Electrons are “wave functions”.
Schrodinger’s model
Electrons are “wave functions”.
We can’t actually know exactly where an electron is at any moment.
We can know a probability of an electrons location based on its energy.
Ex: a windmill blade

9. Atomic Orbitals
Shape describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations around the nucleus.
4 main shapes: s, p, d, f
f is too complicated for us to worry about drawing.

10. s: consists of 1 “sub-orbital”
p: 3 “sub-orbitals”
d: 5 “sub-orbitals”
f: 7 “sub-orbitals”

11. Orbitals Overlap!

13. Overall Energy Values
Label this information on your mini periodic table.

14. Electron Configurations
How electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nucleus.
Three rules explain how: Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s rule.

15. Electron Configurations
Aufbau Principle:
Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
Patterns: Use the Periodic Table.

16. Electron Configurations
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
Only 2 electrons per orbital
Each orbital contains electrons of opposite spin. (up arrow, or down arrow)

17. Electron Configurations
Hunds Rule:
When electrons enter orbitals of equal energy, all the sublevels are filled with 1 electron of the same spin first.
Example:
P’s (3 total sublevels)
Each of the 3 sublevels will fill with only 1 electron first
Then they will begin to fill with the second electron of opposite spin.

19. Electron COnfigurations
Element 1s 2s
2px 2py 2pz 3s
Electron Configuration H He Li C N Na
Noble Gas Abbreviation?

20. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d P = 1s22s22p63s23p3 or [Ne]3s23p3
Sample Problem 5.1:
The atomic number of phosphorus is 15. Write the electron configuration of a phosphorus atom.
1s s 2p s p s d
P =
1s22s22p63s23p3 or [Ne]3s23p3

21. Complete the following Electron Configurations
Carbon Sulfur
Full Electron Configuration Full Electron Configuration
Abbreviated Configuration Abbreviated Configuration

22. Complete the following Electron Configurations
Nickel Krypton
Full Electron Configuration Full Electron Configuration
Abbreviated Configuration Abbreviated Configuration

23. Why do we care about electron configurations?
Chemical properties are related to electrons.
They explain the organization of electrons.
What is the expected electron configuration of Mo?
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d4
Fill this into a detailed orbital diagram.
The actual electron configuration for Mo is:
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5
Fill this into a detailed orbital diagram
Why is Mo’s electron configuration different than expected?
An (s) orbital electron gets “promoted” to the d orbitals
Hund’s Rule: All 5 d orbitals with 1 electron is more “stable” than having 1 of the d orbitals empty.

24. How many unpaired e-s are in the electron configuration above?
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5
How many unpaired e-s are in the electron configuration above?
(6) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5
Which e-s are most energetic? Least energetic?
5s1 are most energetic (4d5 are close).
All the others are LOWER in Energy.
How could you abbreviate the electron configuration above?
[Kr] 5s14d5
Why would you abbreviate and leave off the “inner-core” electrons?
They are lower in energy and NOT VALENCE. They are more strongly attracted to the nucleus.
What other elements would you predict have electron configurations like Mo?
Cr & W (Same COLUMN)

25. Which electrons are furthest from the nucleus?
Which electrons are usually closest to the nucleus in the following: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
1s22s22p63s23p6 (the “inner core” energy level electrons)
Which electrons are furthest from the nucleus?
4s1 (the highest principle” energy level electrons)
Which electrons would you think would be easiest to remove from the atom above? Why?
4s1 (The electrons farther from the nucleus are attracted with a smaller force to the nucleus.)
What name is given to these “outermost” electrons?
VALENCE electrons

26. Ions and Electrons Ions have additional or missing electrons.
These electrons fill or come from the outermost energy level.
Electrons gained or lost are VALENCE ELECTRONS.
Anions: Non-metals that gain electrons.
Cations: Metals that lose electrons.
Example: O2- Anion
has 10 electrons; gained 2 electrons
1s22s22p6
same electron configuration as [Ne]

27. Give the Full & noble gas (abbrev) GROUND STATE electron configuration for the following ions:
Cu2+
N3-
Cu1+ (Special Case)***

28. Unit 3: Electrons and the Periodic Table
Agenda: Friday 11/3
Warm-up
Electrons and Light Notes
Work on Worksheet 3

29. Warm-up 11/3 Which element has the following electron configurations?
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
[Kr] 5s24d9
DEMO Emission Spectra of Elements: Why do elements give off different colors of light when their electrons get excited? YouTube

30. What keeps an electron bound to an atom?
In the space below, build an atom that contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons.
How many valence electrons are in the atom above?
Predict what would happen when the valance (outermost) electron absorbed some energy from an outside source.
What would happen when that electron loses that energy that it absorbed?
How are different colors of light formed?

31. Electromagnetic Radiation

32. Describe how light is created.
List the different forms of visible light in order of lowest energy to greatest energy.
What color of visible light would be the most appropriate to use if you are star gazing at night and do not want to disturb other star gazers? Why?
Predict the color of visible light produced in the following situations:
A 3s electron jumps to the 4th energy level as it absorbs light, then falls back down to the ground state.
A 3s electron jumps to the 7th energy level as it absorbs light, then falls back down to the ground state.
A 5p electron absorbs energy and jumps to the 6th energy level.
Youtube: Flame test lab

33. Unit 3: Electrons and the Periodic Table
Agenda: Monday 11/6
Flame Test Activity

34. Unit 3: Electrons and the Periodic Table
Agenda: Tuesday 11/7
HW 1 Quiz
Chapter 6 Notes (Periodic Table)
Work on Worksheet 4 or Homework 2

35. 6.1 Organizing the Elements Periodic Table History
Dmitri Mendeleev – mid 1800’s
Proposed a table for 70 elements based on mass and properties
Henry Moseley – 1913
Determined the atomic number of elements and arranged the table in order of atomic number

36. How is the periodic table of elements arranged?
Periods
Rows of the periodic table
Groups or Families
Columns of the periodic table

37. Periodic Law: Basis of Law:
The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number
There is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
Elements with similar properties end up in the same column
Basis of Law:
The placement of elements into families (columns) results from them having the same outermost electron patterns.

38. 6.2 Classifying the Elements
Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids
Transition Metals
Inner-transition Metals
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Halogens
Noble (inert) gases
Representative Elements (1A-7A)

39. Chemical Properties & Families
Chemical Properties of elements are based on their “Valence Electrons”
Families are groups of Elements that have similar “Valence Electrons”

40. Valence Electrons Types of Ions Outermost electrons in an atom.
Cations: Lose electrons to become POSITIVE
Anions: Gain electrons to become NEGATIVE

41. Valence Electron Patterns
Ion Type Patterns

42. Unit 3: Electrons and the Periodic Table
Agenda: Block 2 (11/8 or 11/9)
HW 2 Quiz
Finish Chapter 6 Notes (Periodic Trends)
Finish Worksheet 4
Work on HW 3

43. 6.3 Periodic Trends: Atomic Radius
In general, the more VALENCE electrons, the smaller the size of the atoms electron clouds.
Exception: Hydrogen and Helium
However, adding periods increases the size of the atom.
WHY? Nuclear Charge and Principle Energy Level

44. Periodic Trends: Ion Radius
- Ions (Anions) have full VALENCE electrons = LARGER than their ATOM
+ Ions (Cations) have empty VALENCE electrons = SMALLER than their ATOM
BUT…. The size of one ion compared to the next is the same pattern as ATOMIC RADIUS
SKIP

45. Periodic Trends: 1st Ionization Energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
Atoms that tend to LOSE electrons have LOW Ionization energy.
Lowest = Francium
Atoms that do not lose electrons easily have HIGH Ionization energy.
Highest = Helium
WHY? How much is the electron attracted to Nucleus?

46. Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
The tendency for an atom to attract electrons of another atom.
(-) Anions that gain electrons have high electronegativity values (they desire more electrons)
Noble Gasses have very small electronegativities.
Examples
Highest = Fluorine
Lowest = Francium (NON- Noble gas)
Lowest group = Noble gasses

47. Unit 3: Electrons and the Periodic Table
Agenda: Monday 11/13
Stamp WS 4
HW 3 Quiz
Review
Unit Test Next Class

48. Warm-up Thursday 10/26
At your table, discuss atomic structure. What part of an atom is most likely to interact with other atoms?
What is an ION?
What is a VALENCE electron?