NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN

NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN
RESINS INTRODUCTION PREPARED BY: NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN GUIDED BY: ABUBAKAR SIR

CONTENTS: Definition Properties of resins Classification
Chemical composition Method of isolation Biosynthesis Uses

RESINS: DEFINITION: Resins may be defined as a complex amorphous product of more or less solid characteristics which, on heating, first get soften and then melts. Resins are produced and stored in schizogenous or schizolysigenous glands, or cavities of the plant.

PROPERTIES OF RESINS: Isolated resin products, which come as unorganised crude drugs in the market are more or less solid, hard, transparent or translucent material. Most of resins are heavier than water. Resins are insoluble in most polar and nonpolar solvents such as water and petroleum ether, respectively , but dissolve completely in alcohol, solvent ether, benzene or chloroform.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS:
Classification based on 1) Their chemical nature 2) As per their association with the other group of compounds such as essential oils and gums

Resins and resins combination
EXAMPLES CHEMICAL GROUPS RESN ACIDS RESIN ESTERS RESIN ALCOHOL RESIN PHENOLS GLUCORESINS RESENES MIXED COMPOSITION Colophony, myrrh, sandrac Benzoin, Dragon’s blood Benzon, Storax Balsam of tolu,Balsam of peru Jalap Asafoetida Mastic, shellac RESINS WITH GUM/ ESSENTIAL OILS GUM RESINS OLEORESINS OLEOGUM RESIN Ammoniacum, gamboge Turpentine, Ginger Myrrh, Asafoetida, Olibanum BALSAMS TOLU BALSAM, PERU BALSAM

1} CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
RESIN ACIDS: Resin acids are the carboxylic acid group containing resinous substances which may or may not have association with phenolic compounds. These compounds are found in free state or as ester derivatives. COLOPHONY

RESIN ACIDS: Being acidic compounds, they are soluble in aqueous solution of alkalies producing frothy solution. Resin acids can be derivatised to their metallic salts known as RESINATES, which are used in soap, paints and varnish industries. The abietic acid and comphoric acid present in colophony and myrrh, respectively, are example of resin acids.

RESIN ESTERS: Resin esters are esters of resin acids or another aromatic acids such as benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic acids, etc. They are sometimes converted to their free acids by treating with caustic alkali. Dragon’s blood and benzoin are common resin esters containing drugs. BENZOIN

RESIN ALCOHOLS: Resin alcohols or RESINOLS are complex alcoholic compounds of high molecular weight. Like resin acids, they are found as free alcohols or as esters of benzoic, salicylic and cinnamic acids. They are insoluble in an aqueous alalkali solution, but are soluble in alcohol and ether.

RESIN ALCOHOLS: Resinols are present in benzoin as benzoesinol and in storax as storesinol.

Resin phenols: Resin phenols or RESINOTANNOLS are also higher molecular weight compounds which occur in free states or as esters. Due to phenolic group, they form phenoxoids and become soluble in aqueous alkali solution. They are insoluble in water, but dissolve in alcohol and ether.

Resin phenols: Resinotannols give a positive reaction with ferric choride. The resinotannols are found in balsam of Peru as peruresinotannol, in Tolu balsam as toluresinotannol and in benzoin as siaresinotannols.

Glucoresins: Resins sometime get combined with sugars by glycosylation and produce glucoresins. Glycoresins can be hydrolysed by acidic hydrolysis to glycone and aglycone.

RESENES: Chemically, inert resin products are generally termed as resenes. They are generally found in a free state and never form ester or other derivatives. Resenes are soluble in benzene, chloroform and to some extent in petroleum ether. Resenes are insoluble in water.

RESENEs: Asafoetida is an example of resene containing drug which contains about 50 per cent of asaresene-B.

2} BASED ON ASSOCIATION OLEORESINS:
Oleoresins are homogenous mixture of resins with volatile oils. The oleoresins possess an essence due to volatile oils. A trace amount of gummy material may sometimes be found in oleoresins. Turpentine, ginger, copaiba, canada resin are a few examples of oleoresine.

GUM RESINE: Gum resins are naturally occurring mixtures of resins with gums. Due to their solubility in water, gums can be easily separated from resin by dissolving in water. Ammoniacum is an example of natural gum resin.

OLEOGUM RESINS: Oleogum resins are naturally occurring mixtures of resin, volatile oil and gum. The example includes gum myrrh, asafoetida, gamboge, etc. Oleogum resin ooze out from incisions made in a bark and harden.

BALSAMS: Balsams are naturally occurring resinous mixtures which contain a high proportion of aromatic balsamic acids such as benzoic acid, cinnamic acid and their esters. Balsam containing free acids are partially soluble in hot water.

BALSAMS: Some important balsams containing drugs are balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu, benzoin and storax. The oleogum resin containing drugs, such as copaiba and canada, are sometimes wrongly referred to as balsam.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
The chemical composition of resin is generally quite complex and diverse in its nature. It can be a complex mixture of acids, alcohols, phenols, esters, glycosides or hydrocarbons. When the resins are associated with volatile oil, they contain components like monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
The gums which are associated with resins are similar to acacia gum, which sometimes possesses smaller quantities of oxidase enzymes. Resin can be of physiological origin such as secretions of the ducts. They can also be pathological products which are exuded through incisions made on the plant.

METHOD OF ISOLATION: The process of isolation of resin from crude drug can be difficult task due to the presence of various combinations. However, the most generalised technique can be extraction of drug with alcoholic solvents and then subsequent precipitation of resin by adding a concentrated alcoholic extract to a large proportion of water.

METHOD OF ISOLATION: The method of distillation or hydrodistillation can be used for the separation of volatile oils from resin. This process is used largely for separation of a resin from turpentine.

METHOD OF ISOLATION: Pharmaceutical resins are obtained from the plants and animals by one of the following methods. 1) By extraction with alcohol and precipitation with water, example: jalap, podophyllum etc. 2) By distillation for separation of oil, example: colophony, copaiba 3) By heating the plant part, example: guaiacum

METHOD OF ISOLATION: 4) By plant exudates by incisions, example: myrrh, safetida, balsams, etc. 5)) By collecting fossil resins, examples:copal, kauri, etc. 6) By processing the encrustations i.e. shellac.

BIOSYNTHESIS: Phenol based aromatic constituents of resin are biosynthesised via shimik acid pathway, but most of the non-phenolic compounds use acetate pathway, in which isoprene units form the fundamental building blocks of resins.

USES: Many of the resin containing are of great utility for pharmaceutical as well as nonpharmaceutical purposes. Drugs such as Jalap are violent purgatives while Podophyllum and Cannbis have a great utility as anticancer and antihistaminic agents, respectively.

USES: Benzoin like drug is an important ingredient of tinctures employed for their mild antiseptic properties, while turpentine can be greatly used in the form of Colophony, gum turpentine and oil of turpentine.

REFERENCES: Vinod D Rangari, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Volume 1 3rd Edition, Career Publication 2014, C. K. Kokate, A. P. Purohit, S. B.Gokhale, “PHARMACOGNOSY” 50th edition, Nirali Prakashan, 2014,

STUDENT NAME: SYEDA ALBINA FATEMA SUBJECT: MEDICINDL NATURAL PRODUCTS
TOPIC: RESINS guided BY: DR.BAWAZIR ABUBAKAR

Resins INTRODUCTION Definition:
Solid or semisolid, amorphous products derived from living natural sources and most are plants products, with the exception of shellac, an insect secretion . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: • On heating, they soften and finally melt • Insoluble in water and usually insoluble in petroleum spirit, but dissolve more or less completely in alcohol, chloroform and ether. • Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin acids, resin alcohols (resinol), resin phenols (resinotannols), esters and chemically inert compounds known as resenes.

OCCURRENCE: Entirely resin e.g. benzoin Oleo-resin e.g. turpentine oil
Gum-resin e.g. copaiba resin Oleo-gum-resin e.g. myrrh Balsam (benzoic+ cinnamic acid): benzoin, tolu balsam, peru balsam, storax Gluco-resin e.g. Convolvulaceae family drugs

FORMATION : Formed in special passages or tubes called resin ducts.
Ducts-anastomose-so- a single incision can drain the resin from considerable area of the plant. turpentine are naturally produced but some are produced only when cambium is injured. Such resins formed by the injury of cambium and the formation of secondary wood are called pathologically produced resin. While resins are usually produced in ducts or cavities, that may be found in other positions-for example, in the resin cells of bloodroot, in the elements of the heartwood of guaiacum, in the external glands of Indian hemp, in the internal glands of male fern or in the glands on the surface

CLASSIFICATION: Resin acid: carboxylic acid group containing resinous substances e.g. abietic acid (colophony) & commiphoric acid (myrrh) Resin ester: esters of resin acids or the other aromatic acids like benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic acid etc. e.g. dragon’ blood and benzoin Resin alcohol (resinol): alcoholic compound with high mol. wt. e.g. benzoresinol in benzoin & storesinol in storax. Resin phenol (resino tannols): contains phenol group e.g. peruresinotannol in peru balsam & tolu-resinotannol in tolu balsam & siaresinotannol in benzoin Gluco resins: resins when get combined with sugars by glycosylation e.g. Convolvulaceae family drugs

CLASSIFICATION: Resin: stable, neutral, unaffected by most chemical reagents or by exposure to moisture produced a hard film. e.g. asafetida Oleo resin: resin+ volatile oil e.g. turpentine, ginger, copaiba, Canada Gum resin: resin+ gum e.g. ammoniacum Oleogum resin: resin+volatile oil+gum e.g. myrrh, asafetida, gamboges Balsam: contains aromatic acids like benzoin & cinnamic e.g. Tolu balsam, peru balsam, storax

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION AND ISOLATION:
Complex mixture of acids, alcohols, phenols, esters, glycosides or hydrocarbons. When associated with volatile oils, contains monoterpenoids, sesequiterpenoid and diterpenoids. Gums when associated with resin: acacia gum: oxidase enzymes.

ISOLATION: Difficult task due to presence of various combinations.
Extraction with alcoholic solvents and then the subsequent precipitation by adding concentrated alcoholic extract to a large proportion of water. Hydro distillation or distillation can be used for separation of volatile oils from resins. (separation of resin from turpentine)

1. Colophony Synonym :Rosin Biological Source:
It is a yellow resin, and abietic anhydride. It is the residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from the oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus belonging to family Pinaceae. Generally, it is offered as wood rosin obtained from southern pine stumps, gum rosin collected as the exudate from incisions in the living tree viz., P. palustris and P. caribaea, and finally from tall oil rosin. It is chiefly produced in the USA.

colophony

Characteristic Features :Colophony
Fuses gradually at 100°C and at a higher temperature it burns with a smoky flame, while leaving not more than 0.1% of ash as a residue. The alcoholic solution of colophony turns into milky-white on addition of water. When fragments of rosin are heated with water, they first melt then flow together and ultimately forms a sticky-mass.

Its acid number is not less than 150 and d 1. 07-1. 09
Its acid number is not less than 150 and d It is almost insoluble in water, but freely soluble in ethanol, benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid, oils, carbon disulphide and also soluble in dilute solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides. It is a pale yellow to amber, translucent fragments, brittle fracture at ordinary temperature. It has a slight turpentine-like odour and taste.

Chemical Constituents:
Colophony contains 90% resin acids known as abietic acid (see Section 2.7.7). The remaining 10% as resene-an inert substance and esters of fatty acids. It also contains a mixture of dihydroabietic acid (C20H30O2) and dehydroabietic acid (C20H28O2). On being heated at 300°C, abietic acid undergoes further molecular rearrangement to produce neo-abietic acid.

Chemical Tests: Dissolve 0.1 g of powdered colophony resin in 10 ml of acetic anhydride, add one drop of sulphuric acid and shake well. The appearance of a purple colour which rapidly changes to violet colour. The alcoholic solution of colophony is acidic to litmus paper i.e., it turns blue litmus paper to red.

Dissolve 0.2 g of colophony with 5 ml of petroleum ether (60-80°C) and filter to discard the undissolved resin, if any. Shake the resulting clear solution with twice its volume of 0.1% (w/v) cupric acetate solution. The petroleum ether layer attains an emerald-green colouration due to the formation of the copper salt of abietic acid

Uses: Colophony is used in pharmacy for the preparation of zinc oxide plasters, ointments and other adhesive plasters. It is widely used in the manufacture of printing inks, rubber, dark varnishes, sealing wax, linoleum and thermoplastic floor tiles. It also finds its application as varnish and paint dries, cements, soaps, wood polishes, paper, plastics, fireworks, tree wax, sizes, rosin oil It is used for waterproofing cardboard, walls etc.

2. Asafoetida Synonyms: Asafetida; Asant; Devil's dung; Food of the Gods; Gum Asafoetida. Biological Sources : Asafoetida the oleo-gum-resin is obtained as an exudation of the decapitated rhizome on roots of Ferula assafoetida L.; Ferula foetida Regel, and some other species of Ferula,belonging to the nature order Umbelliferae.

asafoetida

Preparation: Asafoetida is generally present as a milky liquid in the large schizogenous ducts and lysigenous cavities. However, these ducts and cavities are located more intensively in the cortex region of the stem and root. The drug is obtaining chiefly from the stem.

The fully grown plants are usually cut down to the crown region during the spring. The exposed surface is protected by a dome-like covering made up of twigs and leaves. After about a month, the hardened resinous substance is collected by scrapping. Likewise, the stems are also cut off and thereby additional collections of asafoetida are made frequently at an interval of 10 days unless and until the exudation ceases to ooze. Furthermore, it is also collected from the root by exposing its crown and excising the stem. The oleo-gum-resin exudes from the cut surface of the root and the former is collected soonafter it gets dried. Thus, the entire collection of asafoetida from the various portions of the plant are mixed together and dried in the sun.

Characteristic Features:
The drug occurs normally as soft mass or irregular lumps or ‘tears’ or agglomeration of tears. The tears are brittle and tough. Asafoetida has a strong, alliaceous, persistent garlic-like odour and having a bitter acrid taste. This oleo-gum-resin when triturated with water it gives a milky emulsion.

Asafoetida contains volatile oil (8-16°C) gum (25%) and resin (40-60%). The volatile oil essentially consists of some organic sulphides solely responsible for attributing the characteristic garlic-like odour. The resin cousists of notannol, asaresinotannol i.e., the resinalcohols, which are present partially in the free state and partially in the combined form with ferulic acid. It also contains umbellic acid and umbelliferone; the latter is found combined with ferulic acid, but it gets generated on being treated with dilute HCl.

There are three sulphur-compounds that have been isolated from the asafoctida resin, namely:
(a) 1-Methylpropyl-1-propenyl disulphide, (b) 1-(Methylthio) propyl-1-propenyl disulphide, and (c) 1-Methylpropyl-3-(methylthio)-2- propenyl disulphide. Interestingly, the latter two (i.e., ‘b’ and ‘c’) have pesticidal properties.

Chemical Tests: It forms an instant milky-white emulsion when triturated with water owing to the presence of gum. The freshly fractured surface when treated with a drop of sulphuric acid (conc.), it gives rise to a reddish-brown colour which on being washed with water changes to violet colouration. Likewise, when the freshly fractured surface is treated with nitric acid (50%), it produces a green colour readily. Boil 1 g asafoetida powder with HCl (50%), filter and make the filtrate strongly alkaline with NH4OH (conc.), it gives a blue fluorescence. It is also known as the Umbelliferone Test.

USES: It is used as a repellant [2% (w/v) suspension] against dogs, cats, deer, rabbits etc. It is used seldomly as an antispasmodic, carminative, expedorant and laxative. It is still employed in veterinary externally to prevent bandage chewing by dogs. It is also used as a powerful nerving stimulant especially in nervous disorders related to hysteria.

3.Podophyllum Synonyms :Podophyllum resin; May apple; Mandrakes Root; Indian apple; Vegetable calomel. Biological Sources : Podophyllum is the dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum L., family: Berberidaceae, known as American Podophyllum; and from Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Syn. P. emodi Wall. ex Hook. f. & Th.) usually called Indian Podophyllum.

podophyllum

Preparation : Extract powdered podophyllum (1 killo) by means of slow percolation until it is almost exhausted of its resin content, using ethanol as the menstruum. Carefully concentrate the percolate by evaporation until the residue attains the consistency of a thin syrup. Pour the resulting syrupy liquid with constant stirring into 1 L of distilled water containing 10 ml of concentrated HCl and previously cooled to a temperature less than 10°C. Allow the precipitate to settle down completely, decant the clean supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate with two 1000 ml portions of cold distilled water slowly, dry the resin and powder it.

Characteristic Features :
It is a light brown to greenish-yellow powder, or small, yellowish, bulky, fragile lumps usually becoming darker in shade on exposure to either heat (> 25°C) or light (uvrays). It has a characteristic faint odour and a bitter acrid taste. It is freely soluble in ethanol, usually with a slight opalescence. It is also soluble in dilute alkaline solution. It is found to be not less than 65% soluble in chloroform and 75% soluble in ether.

Podophyllum contains 3.5 to 6% of a resin whose active principles are lignans, which are essentially C18-compounds related biosynthetically to the flavonoids, and are derived by dimerisation of two C6-C3 units. The most important ones present in the podophyllumresin, are podophyllotoxin (20% in American Podophyllum) and in much higher quantum almost upto 40% in Indian Podophyllum. Besides, it also contains α-peltatin (10%) and β-peltatin (5%).

It is pertinent to mention here that a host of lignan glycosides are also present in the plant, but by virtue of their water-soluble properties, they are almost eliminated during the normal preparation of the resin. Interestingly, all the three above mentioned chemical constituents are present both in free state and as their respective glycosides. The Indian Podophyllum is devoid of α-and β-peltatins. The resin also comprise of the closely related dimethylpodophyllotoxin and its glycoside; and dehydropodophyllotoxin, as well as quercetin-a tetra-hydroxy flavonol

Chemical Tests: Podophyllotoxin (active lactone) present in the resin when dissolved in alkali, cooled to 0°C and subsequently treated with an acid it yields an unstable gelatinous podophyllic acid. The resulting podophyllic acid when treated with dehydrating agents easily loses a molecule of water and gives rise to picropodophyllin (inactive lactone), which being an isomer of podophyllotoxin.

The resins obtained from the American and Indian podophyllum are not quite identical and these two drugs of the trade may be distinguished chemically as given below: (a) Prepare an alcoholic extract from each resin and filter. Add a few drops of strong solution of cupric acetate 5% (w/v) to each of the above two filtrates. The American podophyllum containing α-and β-peltatin produces an instant bright green colouration, while the Indian podophyllum (devoid of peltatin) fails this test.

(b) An alcoholic solution of Indian podophyllum resin readily gelatinizes on being treated with alkali hydroxide, while the American resin does not gelatinize. This is due to the fact that the former contains podophyllic acid and it gives the alkali salt of this acid which is gelatinous in nature. Uses: 1. It is used as a drastic but slow-acting purgative. 2. Podophyllotoxin possesses anti-tumour (antineoplastic) properties and may be used in the treatment of cancer. 3. It is invariably prescribed with other purgatives, henbane or belladonna to prevent gripping in infants.

4. Peruvian Balsam Synonyms :Balsam Peru; Indian balsam; Black balsam; China oil; Honduras balsam; Surinam balsam. Biological Source: Balsam Peru is obtained from Toluifer pereiare (Klotzsch) Baill. (Myroxylon pereiare Klotzsch) belonging to family: Leguminosae. Preparation Peruvian Balsam is a pathological product and is obtained usually by inflicting injury to the trees. Most of the world's commercial supply comes from El Salvador, although some is also produced in Honduras.

Balsam of peru

It is prepared by beating the stems of the trees with mallet
It is prepared by beating the stems of the trees with mallet. After a week the injured areas of the stem are scorched so as to separate the bark from the stem and after a similar duration the bark is peeled off completely. The desired balsam starts exuding freely from all the exposed surfaces, which are then covered carefully with cloth or rags to absorb the exuding balsam. The cloth or rags that are completely soaked with the balsam is then removed and boiled with water in a large vessel slowly.

Thus, the balsam gets separated and settles at the bottom of the vessel. The supernatant layer of water is removed by decantation and the residual balsam is dried and packed in the containers. Characteristic Features: It is a dark brown, viscid liquid having a pleasant aromatic odour. It has a peculiar warm bitter taste and persistent aftertaste which resembles like vanilla. The Balsam Peru is transparent in thin films. It does not harden on being exposed to atmosphere. It is brittle when cold. It is almost insoluble in water and petroleum ether but soluble in ethanol, chloroform and glacial acetic acid.

Chemical Constituents :
Peruvian balsam contains free benzoic and cinnamic acids (12-15%); benzyl (40%); esters of these acids ( % cinnamein); and volatile oil (1.5-3%). The fragrant volatile oil contains toluene, styrol, benzoic and cinnamic acids. It also contains total balsamic acids, which is calculated on the basis of dry alcohol-soluble matter ranging

The resins esters (30-38%) are chiefly composed of peruresinotannol cinnamate and benzoate, vanillin, free cinnamic acid and peruviol (or nerolidol). Uses: Peru balsam is a local protectant and rubefacient. It also serves as a parasiticide in certain skin disorder. It is used as an antiseptic and vulnerary* and is applied externally either as ointment or alone or in alcoholic solution. It acts as an astringent to treat hemorrhoids.

5.Tolu Balsam Synonyms :Thomas balsam; Opobalsam; Resin Tolu; Balsam of Tolu. Biological Source :Tolu Balsam is a balsam obtained from Toluifera balsamum L., (Myroxylon toluiferum H.B.K.), belonging to family: Leguminosae. It is also obtained from Myroxylon balsamum (Linne') Harms. Family: Fabaceae.

Balsam of tolu

Preparation: Tolu Balsam is considered to be a pathological product produced in the new wood formed as a result of inflicted injury. For its preparation, it is an usual practice to make ‘V’ shaped incisions deep into the body of the main trunk. The exudate thus produced is collected either in cups or gourds held strategically just at the base of each incisions. Balsam of Tolu is collected from these cups, mixed and packed in air-tight sealed tins.

It is a yellowish-brown or brown semifluid or nearly solid resinous mass. It has a characteristic aromatic vanilla-like odour and slightly pungent taste. It is usually brittle when cold. It is found to be transparent in thin layers, and shows numerous crystals of cinnamic acid. It is almost insoluble in water and petroleum ether, but freely soluble in ethanol, benzene chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid and partially in CS2 or NaOH solution.

The drug contains resin esters (75-80%) viz., toluresinotannol cinnamate along with a small proportion of the benzoate; volatile oil (7-8%)-containing chiefly benzyl benzoate; free cinnamic acid (12-15%); free benzoic acid (2-8%); vanillin and other constituents in small quantities. It also contains cinnamein (5-13%).

Chemical Tests: An alcoholic solution of Tolu Balsam (0.2% w/v) where treated with a FeCl3 solution (0.5% w/v), the appearances of a green colour takes place. Treatment of 1 g of the drug with 5 ml of 10% w/v KMnO4 solution when subjected to gentle heating yields benzaldehyde. Uses:It is used extensively in perfumery, confectionery and chewing gums. It is used widely as an expectorant in cough mixture. It also finds its application as an antiseptic in the form of its tincture.

STUDENT NAME: WAJIHA TABBASUM SUBJECT: MEDICINAL NATURAL PRODUCTS
TOPIC: RESINS CLASS: III YEAR guided BY: DR.BAWAZIR ABUBAKAR

RESINS 1. Capsicum Synonyms: Axsain; Mioton; Zostrix.
Biological Sources: It is the pungent principle present in fruit of various species of Capsicum, namely: Capsicum annuum L. (Family: Solanaceae)-Paprika, Chili, Sweet Peppers; Capsicum frutescens Linn., [Synonyms C. minimum Roxb.]-Bridchilli.

Preparation : Capsaicin, the oleoresin from capsicum is prepared by extracting the crushed fruit with either hot acetone or hot ethanol by the method of percolation. The solvent i.e., hot ethanol or acetone is evaporated on an electric-water bath in a fume-cupboard. The resulting residue is once again subjected to successive extraction with cold acetone or ethanol until the residue is free from the pungent odour. The solvent is removed and the capsaicin collected is not less than 8%.

It has a monoclinic and rectangular plates, or scales from petroleum ether. Its mp is 65°C, bp0.01 °C (air-bath temperature), UVmax 227, 281 nm (ε 7000, 2500). It has a burning taste, one part in 100,000 can be detected easily by tasting. It is practically insoluble in cold water. It is freely soluble ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform and slightly soluble in CS2.

Chemical Constituents: The capsicum contains 8-12% of an oleoresin capsaicin and a red colouring principle known as capsanthin as given below: However, the pungency of capsaicin is not affected by dilute alkali, but is destroyed almost completely by subjecting it to oxidation with either KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7.

The capsicum contains 8-12% of an oleoresin capsaicin and a red colouring principle known as capsanthin as given below: However, the pungency of capsaicin is not affected by dilute alkali, but is destroyed almost completely by subjecting it to oxidation with either KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7.

Uses It is used as a tool in neurobiological research. Pretreatment with capsaicin induces long-lasting desensitization of airway mucosa to various mechanical and chemical irritants.

2.Turmeric Synonyms: Curcuma; Indian Saffron; Tumeric. Biological Source: Turmeric is obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Curcuma domestica Valeton) belonging to the natural order Zingiberaceae.

Preparation: The plant is normally harvested after 9-10 months when the lower leaves start becoming yellow. The rhizome is carefully dug out from the soil with a blunt knife without damaging it. The fibrous roots are discarded. The raw green turmeric is cured and processed by boiling the rhizomes with water for a duration ranging between hours. Subsequently, the cooked rhizomes are dried in the sun for 5-7 days. Cooking process helps in achieving two objects, namely:

(a) Gelatinization of starch, and
(b) Yellow colouration, due to curcumin, spreads over the entire rhizome. Characteristic Features: Turmeric has an aromatic pepper-like but somewhat bitter taste. It gives curry dishes their characteristic yellowish colouration.

Chemical Constituents :It contains volatile oil (5-6%), resin and substantial quantity of zingiberaceous starch grains. The marked and pronounced yellow colour in turmeric is due to the presence of curcuminoids which essentially contains curcumin as given below: The curcuma oil* obtained from turmeric contains (±)-ar-turmerone as given below: The volatile oil contains a host of chemical substances, such as: d-α-phellandene, d-sabinene, cineol, borneol, zingiberene, and sesquiterpenes. Turmeric also contains some other chemical constituents, namely: p,p-dihydroxy dicinnamoylmethane; p-α-dimethy benzyl alcohol; p-hydroxy-cinnamoylferuloylmethane; 1-methyl-4-acetyl-1-cyclohexene; and caprylic acid.

Chemical Tests: Turmeric powder when triturated with alcohol it imparts a deep yellow colour to the resulting solution. The powdered drug when treated with sulphuric acid it imparts a crimson colour. The aqueous solution of turmeric with boric acid gives rise to a reddish-brown colouration which on subsequent addition of dilute alkali changes instantly to greenish-blue. Turmeric powder when reacted with acetic anhydride and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (36 N), it readily gives a violet colouration. Interestingly, the resulting solution when observed under the ultraviolet light (preferably in a uv-chamber), it exhibits an intense red fluorescence, which is due to the presence of Curcumin.

Turmeric

Uses: It is extensively used across the globe as a condiment as curry powder. It is employed as a colouring agent for ointments. It is used medicinally as a tonic, as a blood purifier, as an anthelmintic and finally as an aid to digestion. It is used extennally in the form of a facial cream to improve complexion and get rid of pimples. A small quantity of turmeric when boiled with milk and sugar; it helps to cure common cold and cough symptoms.

3. Ginger Syn: Adarak, Zingiber
Source: scraped or unscraped rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Family: Zingiberaceae GS: South east Asia, Jamaica, China, India, Africa Specification: • 7-15 cm long; cm broad • Color: buff • Odor: agreeable • Taste: pungent

Cultivation: Climate: Warm, Humid
Soil: Sandy, clay or red loamy, heavy rain fall with fertilizers. Propagation: cut rhizomes. Selected piece of rhizome: sown during March or April, preferably in well-drained clay loam .Procedure resemble potato cultivation. Mulching or manuring is necessary as plant exhausts the soil nutrients .Stem wither: December-January: rhizome ready for collection. Ginger is again moistened & dried for further 2 days

Collection: Harvesting: by digging Washed properly and dried to improve the color and prevent further growth For scrapped drug: after removal of soil, the rhizomes are killed by boiling water Carefully peeled, thoroughly washed and then dried in sun on mats During drying, turned from time to time and protected during damp weather First drying: 5-6 days To get whiter product: ginger is washed

Ginger

Volatile oil, starch up to 50%, fat up to 10%, inorganic material, residual moisture, fiber, resinous matter up to 8% Mono, sequi terpene hydrocarbon, phenyl propanoids Sequiterpene hydrocarbon: alpha zingiberene, beta bisabolene, alpha farnesene, beta sesquiphellandrene and alpha curcumene Phenolic ketones gingerols: shagol, zingerone, paradol, gingediols Flavour, pungency and pharmacologic action: phenolic ketone of oleo resin Zingerone:sweet odor.Pungency due to gingerol, Pungency destroyed by 5%NaOH

Adulterant-Allied spp:
Carminative Alpinia galanga Alpinia officinalis Zingiber mioga Exhausted ginger (by adding capsicum/grain to increase the pungency USE: Stimulant Anti-emetic CNS, CVS Anti-inflammatory Antibacterial Motion sickness

4.GUGGULU Syn: Guggulu, Maishaksha Source: gum resin obtained from Commiphora mukul, Commiphora wightii • Family: Burseraceae GS: native to Africa but throughout India (Gujarat, Rajasthan) Characters: • Viscid brown tears; fragment pieces, balsamic odor & bitter-acrid taste

Collection: Oleo gum resin is collected from at least 5 years old plant Tapped from main stem on which deep circular incisions are made The resin ducts occur only in bark portion near cambial layer Guggul oozes out as yellowish white aromatic latex like matter Dose of 400ml ethephon (2-chloro-ethyl phosphoric acid) three times a year enhances the secretion Thick branches of tree give best grade Each plant yield kg per year

Guggulu

• C21-C27 compounds; steroids, diterpenoids, carbohydrates and aliphatic esters • Does not contain cinnamic acid, benzoic acid • Sugar: Pentosan, pentose and furfural • Terpene: Myrcene, caryophyllene • Sterone: Z & E- guggulusterone • Guggulosterol I,II, III • Gum • Flavonoids: quercetin, ellagic acid

• Chemical Test: Ethyl acetate ext + Acetic anhydride Boil, cool and 2 ml of H2SO4, green color develops at the junction due to presence of sterols

Use: •Lowers serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, Raises HDL so Hypolipidemic, Hypocholesteremic • Inhibit platelet aggregation, increase thermo genesis, astringent, anti-rheumatic, antiseptic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, demulcent, gargle, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, ulcers ADULTERANTS: Commiphora species like C. abyssinica, C. roxburghii, C.molmol and Boswellia serrata

Dr Abubakar Salam Bawazir
TURMERIC (HARIDRA) By: SHAIKH JOZEE Dr Abubakar Salam Bawazir

SYNONYMS: Indian saffron, curcuma, turmeric, Haldi, Haridra.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Turmeric consists of dried as well as ,fresh rhizomes of plant curcuma longa Linn.(C.domestica). Family: Zingiberaceae . It contains not less than 1.5% of curcumin.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: India accounts for 90% of total output of world
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: India accounts for 90% of total output of world. Tamil nadu and Andhra Pradesh together contribute about 70% of Indian production.kerela produces in large quantity which is very superior in quality. Commercially is a genus of about 70% spp of rhizomatous herbs distributed in south East Asia and especially India, China, Thailand, Italy, Malaysia, Archipelago and N.Australia. Commercially c.amada, c.angustifolia, c.aromatica, c.caesia, c.zedoaria and c.longa are important. Most of species are perennial herbs which grow 2-3 ft. high with a short stem and tufted leaves.

CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION: Plant are grown for 7-9 months after which the rhizomes are harvested, cooked dried and then processed for powder, oleo resin and curcumin. Extraction of powder is done by solvents, water or both. High yielding curcumin varieties have been evolved through tissue culture technique; clonal propagation have successfully develop in case c.longa.

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: Drug is yellowish-brown in colour with characteristic odour and slightly bitter taste. Round turmeric rhizomes are oblong, while long variety is cylindrical and short branched. Root scars and annulations are present. The fracture is horny and internal surface is orange. Rhizomes are 5 to 10*2 to 4 cm in size.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Turmeric contains 5% of volatile oil, resin, abundant zingiberaceous starch grains and curcuminoid (yellow colour).The chief component of curcuminoid is curcumin (50-60%)the other related cucuminoid such as demethoxy curcumin and bisDemethoxy curcumin are reported to be yellow colour in some spp. Volatile oil content ranges from1-6.5 %and is composed of mono and sesquiterpines such as α and β pinene, α-phellandrene, camphor, DL-ar-termerone zingiberene and α, β curcumenes. Species like c. angustifolia and c.caulina have high starch content and are used as a substitute for arrow root.

CHEMICAL TESTS: 1) Powdered drug with sulphuric acid gives crimson brown colour. 2)The aq. Solution of turmeric with boric acid gives reddish-brown colour which on addition of alkali changes to greenish-blue. 3)With acetic anhydride and conc.sulphuric acid, gives violet colour. When this test is observed under UV light, red fluorescence is seen.

USES: It used as condiment or spice and colouring agent, especially for ointments and creams.
chemically used for detection of boric acid. antiseptic, anti inflammatory. curcumin is also powerful anti oxidant. anti arthritic agent isolated from c.aromatica. In china C.wenyjuin (c.aromatica)has been used in cervical cancer. curcuminoids isolated from ethyl acetate extract of turmeric have shown modest HIV-1 and HIV-2protease inhibitory activity.

SUBSTITUTE: Curcuma amada Roxbby is common substitute for turmeric
SUBSTITUTE: Curcuma amada Roxbby is common substitute for turmeric. It is found wild in Andhra Pradesh, west Bengal and Orissa.

GUGGUL By- Dhanashree Jadhav 3rd year B. Pharmacy

SYNONYM- Gum guggul, scented bdellium, commiphora
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE- It is the oleo-resin obtained by making deep incisions at the basal part of stem bark of commiphora weightii FAMILY- Burseraceae

Geographical source Native to Africa specially in its arid zones like Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Zaire and Zimbabwe In India mainly found in Rajasthan and Gujarat

Description Colour- brown to pale yellow or dull green
Odour- agreeable aromatic and balsamic Taste- characteristic bitter Size- 0.5 to 1 to 2.5 cm Shape- rounded or irregular masses or agglomerated tears Guggul is gummy to touch and tears are normally with fractured surface Solubility- when triturated with water it forms white emulsion. It is partly soluble in alcohol

Cultivation and collection
It grows up to 2 to 3metre as a woody tree and shows spinescent branches on pale yellow to brownish stem. Guggul tree grows well in sandy loam soil with more gypsum content with a ph 7.5 to 9 It can be propagated both by seeds and stem cuttings. The seeds are collected from matured red berries in july-september when the viability is more.

The plant are raise are through nursery beds and transplanted after six months.
CIMAP has identified a clone of guggul plant called “ maru-sudha’’ which contains higher percentage of E and Z guggulosterones Oleo gum resins is collected from at least 5 years old plants It is tapped from main stem with 7.5cm diameter on which deep circular incisions are made Guggul oozes out as yellowish white aromatic latex like matter

Chemical Constituents
It contains steroids, diterpenoids, carbohydrates and aliphatic esters Purified gum gives pentosan, pentose and furfural Steam distillation of guggul gives pale yellow volatile oil containing terpeins like myrcene and caryophylline It contains Z-guggulosterone, E-guggulosterone and three new sterols guggulosterols-1,2,3

STRUCTURE

CHEMICAL TEST ethyl acetate extract of guggul+ acetic anhydride → boil cool → 2ml of sulphuric acid→ green colour at the junction due to sterols

USES Anti inflammatory Antirheumatic hypolipdemic
Hypocholesteremic drug It lowers low density lipoproteins and support weight contact. Guggulip developed from commiphora mukul is an antihyperlipidemic product.

GINGER Dhanashree Jadhav By- 3rd year B. Pharmacy

SYNONYMS- sunthi,zingiber,zingiberis
BILOGICAL SOURCE- it consists of whole or cut, dried scrapped or unscrapped rhizomes of ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE FAMILY- zingiberaceae

Geographical source Native to south east Asia but is cultivated in Caribbean islands, Africa, Australia, Mauritius, Jamaica, Taiwan and India More than 35% of the world’s production is from INDIA

CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
Ginger needs warm humid climate and is cultivated in areas with heavy rainfall It is cultivated even at sea level but it thrives a best at an altitude of m Sandy or clay or red loamy soils are suitable for ginger It is cultivated by sowing rhizomes in the month of June

It is a soil exhausting crop and being a rhizome needs to be supplemented with good quantity of manure and fertilization Ginger is ready for harvesting in about six months when its leaves becomes yellow Harvesting of ginger is done by digging rhizomes

Description COLOUR- externally it is buff coloured
ODOUR- agreeable and aromatic TASTE- agreeable and pungent SIZE- rhizomes of ginger are about 5-15× cm SHAPE-rhizomes are laterally compressed bearing short flat, ovate and oblique branches On the upper side with bud at the apex FRACTURE-short and fibrous

EXTRA FEATURES Longitudinal strations and the occasional projecting fibres are present on the surface of ginger Transversely cut surface shows well marketed endodermis and stele

USES pain relief from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, menstrual pain, upper respiratory tract infections, cough, respiratory problems, migraine headache, bronchitis, and diabetes.

BALSAM OF TOLU SYNONYM: Tolu Balsam
Bio source: From trunk of trees of Myroxylon Balsam Linn. FAMILY: Leguminaceae It contains NLT-35% and NMT-50% of total balsamic acid calculated as cinnamic or dry etahanol soluble matter

GEOG. SOURCE: It is indigenous to Columbia
PREPARATION: It is a pathological product secreted in cortex of young twings. It is made by making incisions in bark. The drug is collected in cups and transferred in tin containers. DESCRIPTION: COLOUR: Yellow to brown ODOUR: Aromatic and Vanilla like TASTE: Aromatic

SOLUBILITY: Soluble in alcohol 90%alcohol ether and glacial acetic acid
STANDARDS: ACID VALUE-100to160 REACTION-alcoholic solution is Acidic to litimus. ESTER VALUE-40to95 SAP.VALUE-170to230 LOD-NMT4% ALCOHOL INSOLUBLE MATTER-NMT5%

C.C: Balsam of tolu contains 12% to 16% free cinnamic acid,8%% of free benzoic acid,0.7% of oily liquid{Cinnamicin}.The resinous matter which constitutes about 80% of drug, contains chiefly ester, Toluresinotannol.Small quantities of vanillin and styrol are also reported in drug. The volatile oil obtained from dilltillate does not exceed upto 3%.The tolu is liquidy yellow in colour with tightly fragrant flavour.

IDENTIFICATION TESTS:
When heated and pressed in between two glass slides and examine under microscope, It exhibit ceystals of cinnamic acid. To alcoholic solution of balsam of tolu, add solution of ferric chloride, green colur is produced. Warm gently about 1g drug with 5ml potassium permanganate solution, the odour of benzaldehyde is produced.

USES:As an expectorant, flavouring agent, antiseptic.
It is used in cough syrups. In preparation of confectionary, chewing gums and perfumery. ADULTERANTS: Colophony can be added to Balsam of tolu as an adulterant. -PRESENTATION BY IFRA SHAIKH B-PHARM-IIIyr Guide: Dr Abubakar Salam Bawazir

BALSAM OF PERU SYNONYM:Peru balsam,Indian black balsam,Peruvian balsam. BIO.SOURCE:From trunk of tree Myroxylon balsamum var. Periare, FAMILY-Leguminaceae,after bark has been beaten and sorched. GEOG.SOURCE: Central America,San.Salvodoer,Honduras,Guatemala,Sri Lanka and Florida.

PREPARATION:The balsam trees are about 25m in height with ducts in bark.The balsam is a pathological product and is formed by injury to the plant.The process of collection starts in months of november and december.The strips of the bark about 15x30cm are beaten with blunt end of an axe and scorched with torch to injure the plant.The balsam is produced about one week after the injury and two weeks later,the bark is pulled and removed.The bark is then boiled to get the product.The trunk also exudes the balsam due to injury and is collected by wrapping with rags.The rags are saturated with the balsam,which is then collected by boiling in water .The rags are squeezed and balsam sinks to the bottom,water is decant and balsam is collected.

DESCRIPTION: COLOUR-Dark-brown to reddish brown viscous liquid and transparent thin layers.
ODOUR-Aromatic and Vanilla like. TASTE: Bitter acidic taste. DENSITY: SOLUBILITY: Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid, partly soluble in ether and petroleum ether.

C.C: 50-60% high boiling volatile oil with cinnamon and 25-26% of resin, traces of styrene, vanillin and coumarin. Volatile oil contains esters of cinnamic acid and benzoic acid like, cinnamyl cinnamate, cinnamyl bemzoate, benzyl benzoate, and benzyl cinnamate, with small amounts of free benzyl alcohol, free benzoic acid and cinnamic acids. USES:It is used in topical preparations for scabies, treatment of wounds, ulcers and bedsores; in feminine hygiene spray soaps, and cosmetics. It is also used as an flavouring agent and as an masking agent. For flavours-0.8% is the permissible limit and extent of 15ppm in food items and brevarages.

NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "NUSRAT BEGUM SIKANDAR KHAN"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback