1. Active and Intelligent Packaging
Food Packaging Summit
7 December 2017, dr. ir. Jenneke Heising

2. Contribution CF of food and package
Source: Packaging and wasted food. A report by Center of Sustainable systems, University of Michigan
Food waste
Groter effect dan verpakking
Bekijk voedsel en verpakking samen
Dus als je wat aan duurzaameid wilt doen is het zeker niet altijd handig om maar gewoon je verpakking te verminderen als je daardoor meer voedselverspilling krijgt.
Maar met verpakking beter te ontwerpen (gericht op voedselkwaliteit), kun je wel zorgen voor lagere CO2

3. Active packaging
Packaging that actively affects (the internal environment) of the product
Objective: increase shelf life or quality

4. Active packaging Example oxygen absorber mechanisms:
Oxidation of ascorbic acid and unsaturated fatty acids
Oxidation of photosensitive dye
Enzymatic oxidation (e.g. glucose oxidase)
Oxidation of iron powder:
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4 Fe(OH)3

5. Oxygen scavenging film or layer
Oxygen scavenger
UV light activated film composed as an O2 scavenger layer extruded into a multilayer film
Reduce headspace O2 from 1% to ppm levels in 3-10 days; comparable with O2 scavenging sachets
Cryovac OS film
Ramos et al. 2015

6. Modelling active packaging design
oxygen-
scavenger
product
gasphase
O2,g,e
O2,g,i
O2,p + Q
Qox
package 1 2 3 4

7. Antimicrobial Packaging
Antimicrobial agents (e.g. organic acids or bacteriocins’ or metals or metal oxides) may be incorporated in or on (coating) package materials
Extends shelf life: especially for fresh foods
 Appendini and Hotchkiss (2002)
Veel Onderzoek
Nanoparticles
Nadeel: gezondheid nog niet duidelijk
Figure: Example of the effect of an antimicrobial plastic film on Aspergillus niger. Agar diffusion method (from Appendini and Hotchkiss (2002) 

8. Forms of antimicrobial packaging
Additions of sachets/pads containing volatiles
Incorporation of volatile and non-volatiles directly into polymers
Coating or adsorbing antimicrobials onto polymer surface
Immobilization of antimicrobials to polymers by ion or covalent linkages
Use of polymers that are inherently antimicrobial.

10. Natural antimicrobial compounds
space for image
85% AllylIsothicyanate
Water
Niet direct contact
Niet nano
Natuurlijke ingredienten met am werking
Controlled release, dus langere houdbaarheid
Voorbeeld Alim
Quickly release

12. Smart packaging Active Packaging influences food quality
Intelligent Packaging monitors quality
Environment
Food
Package
Figure: Mihindukulasuriya 2014

13. Intelligent Packaging
Environmental
Conditions
Ext-Sensor
Food models
Quality
Int-Sensor
Indicator Compounds
Quality
Food Product

14. Time-temperature indicator
Principle TTI: visual indication of cumulative effects of temperature history
Temperature-dependent reaction, with similar temperature sensitivities (Ea) as for the food deterioration mechanism.

15. Example TTI
Polymerization

16. Types Intelligent Packaging
Packaging systems with sensor for measuring:
Quality attributes (Indicator compound for quality, like volatiles)
Advantage: Direct quality indicator
Disadvantage: Specific sensors for each product group
External conditions (T, humidity, pressure, integrity)
Advantage: sensor has broad application
Disadvantage: Indirect quality indicator

17. Modelling approach Food Quality value
Quality change value
Sensor monitoring internal product quality factor
Initial quality value
Food Quality value
Sensor monitoring environmental conditions
Translation of sensor data into food quality status by predictive models
It should be considered per food type whether there are quality attributes that can be used for an intelligent packaging concept or that sensors measuring external conditions can be used to predict quality well. There is some literature about intelligent packaging concepts for specific food products and intelligent packaging in common. (Kerry, O'Grady et al. 2006) have written about the application of intelligent packaging concepts for meat. There is not yet a review about applications of intelligent packaging for different kinds of perishable foods. In this review we will focus on intelligent packaging that can be used to monitor quality of perishable foods.

18. Example gas sensor Ghent University: CheckPack
Example direct sensor met nanotechnologie (printed electronics on picture)

19. Using sensor signal in logistics
Quality Controlled Logistics (QCL)
Logistic decisions based on quality of products
Routing management
Dynamic pricing strategies
Dynamic shelf life
Can strategies reduce food waste?
Heising, Claassen and Dekker, FAC, 2017

20. Results: optimization model
Optimizing routing
Quality decay (X) of food dependent on:
Time, Temperature, Initial Quality
Heising, Claassen and Dekker, FAC, 2017

21. Dynamic pricing
van der Leij, Heising and Dekker, 2017

22. Conclusion Active and intelligent packaging can reduce food waste
Intelligent packaging: Measurement Modelling Communication